Graduated from Petersburg University in history, 1892.
Professor of Russian history at Tartu University, 1905-1916. After the October Revolution 1917, went abroad. Lived in Prague, 1921-1933.
Professor of Kaunas (Kovno) University in Lithuania, 1933-1940. Specialist on the history of Western Russia (Belorussia, Grand Duchy of Lithuania). At the end of World War II, among the Russian refugees in Germany.
All religions persuade people to rely on outside authority, thus preventing them to become self-reliant.
Every person has rights to express his or her opinion, but the opinion could be expressed if it was in accordance with the general interests of Soviet society.