The Anatomy And Physiology Of The Vorticellidan Parasite, Trichodina Pediculus, Ehr., Of Hydra (1866)
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Iere, The Land Of The Humming Bird: Being A Sketch Of The Island Of Trinidad (1893)
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Mind in Nature: Or the Origin of Life, and the Mode of Development of Animals
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Henry James Clark was an American zoologist and botanist. He was associated in work with Agassiz for several years and served as professor in several colleges.
Background
Henry James Clark was born on June 22, 1826, at Easton, Massachusetts, United States. He was the son of Reverend Henry Porter and Abigail Jackson (Orton) Clark. His father was a Sweden-born clergyman and a life-long friend of the Reverend Henry James. While the young Clark was still a lad his father removed to Brooklyn, New York, where he lived many years.
Education
Clark received much of his early training in Brooklyn. Entering the University of the City of New York he was graduated there in 1848. From college he went as a teacher to White Plains, and while engaged in the study of botany, made observations upon the structure of Chimaphila and Mimulus. These and subsequent observations upon the flora of the neighborhood attracted the favorable notice of Asa Gray, who invited him to Cambridge. Thither he went in 1850, and for a time was a pupil and private assistant at the Botanic Garden. While a student there he taught, for a single term, the academy at Westfield. Soon after this the lectures of Louis Agassiz developed in him a taste for zoological studies. He was graduated from the Lawrence Scientific School, summa cum laude, in 1854.
Career
About 1854 Clark became the private assistant of Prof. Agassiz. Three years later Agassiz called him “the most accurate observer in the country. ” In June 1860 he was appointed assistant professor of zoology in the Scientific School at Harvard, a position which he held until 1865. Following this appointment he went abroad for a time mainly in pursuit of health, traveling in England, France, Germany, and Switzerland, visiting the leading universities and museums, and meeting many scientific workers, including Gegenbaur, Haeckel, Huxley, and Owen.
After Clark became a student of Agassiz his love for botany remained undiminished. He studied it in later years from the side of plant histology and morphology in connection with and as illustrating the histology and morphology of animals. It prepared him for his studies on spontaneous generation, on the theory of the cell, on the structure of the protozoa and the nature of protoplasm.
Notwithstanding his constant researches, and lectures at the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Clark found time to prepare a course of lectures—embodying the results of his micro-physiological studies—which he delivered at the Lowell Institute in 1864. These were published the following year, under the title of Mind in Nature; or the Origin of Life, and the Mode of Development of Animals. This work, based on structure and development in the animal kingdom, is crowded with original observations and testifies to years of the severest labor and independent thought.
Between 1856 and 1862 he was associated with Agassiz in the preparation of the anatomical and embryological portions of the great work entitled Contributions to the Natural History of the United States of America. To these volumes he was a large contributor, most of the histological and embryological portions of the work being his; more than half the plates illustrating the embryology and histology of the turtles and acalephs bear his name. Unfortunately, a controversy arose between Agassiz and himself over the authorship of this work, which led Clark to publish a pamphlet entitled A Claim for Scientific Property (1863). At the expiration of his term of office he finally left Cambridge.
In 1866 he accepted the chair of botany, zoology, and geology at the Pennsylvania State College, where he remained for three years, leaving it in 1869 for similar duties at the University of Kentucky. Neither of these posts was agreeable to his taste, chiefly because of the pressure of college work, which left him but little time for abstract investigations. It was, therefore, with great readiness that he accepted the call to the Massachusetts Agricultural College in 1872. But his work was now interrupted by a severe illness. Never robust, his assiduous and confining labors had seriously impaired his health. After much suffering, he died on at the age of forty-seven.
Five years after his death, the Smithsonian Institution published, as one of its Contributions to Knowledge, his monograph of The Lucernarice and Their Allies (1878)—a beautiful memoir, though a fragment of what was designed to cover at least fifteen parts, two parts only having an actual existence. A list of Clark’s published writings will be found in the first volume of the Biographical Memoirs of the National Academy of Sciences, and in the Catalogue of Scientific Papers compiled by the Royal Society of London.
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Personality
Clark was admirably adapted by nature for doing histological work of the highest order. He possessed that philosophic insight of the true naturalist which often enables him to divine much further than he can perceive in the tracing of relationships and to anticipate what the microscope is to reveal. In the use of the microscope itself, he showed not only mechanical skill and ingenuity, but a patience, caution, and experience in difficult points in histology, which undoubtedly placed him at the head of observers in this country and rendered him perhaps inferior to few in Europe.
Quotes from others about the person
“Clark was the favourite pupil of Agassiz. . .. In the eyes of Agassiz everything and every one in his laboratory was second to Mr. Clark. . .. In fact Clark was his right hand during almost twelve years. ”- Jules Marcou
Connections
Clark was married to Mary Young Holbrook of Boston by whom he had eight children.