Background
Burtsev, Vladimir was born in 1862 in Fort Aleksandrovskii.
Burtsev, Vladimir was born in 1862 in Fort Aleksandrovskii.
As a student, in early 1880’s sided with Narodnaya Volya (People’s Will) groups. 1885 arrested for these political activities and imprisoned in Peter and Paul Fortress. 1886 exiled to Irkutsk Province, fled abroad.
1889 in Geneva financed and published newspaper Svobodnava Rossiya, which he edited with Dragomanov and Debagoriy- Mokriyevich. Through Svobodnaya Rossiya he championed union of revolutionaries and liberals as "solid anti-government party” and favored techniques of political terror. This led to a split with his co-editors.
1891 went to London and studied history of revol movement in Russia, resulting in 1896-1897 publ of anthology on history of revol movement Za Sto Let (The Past Hundred Years). At same time published journal Narodovolets, advocating revol terror and return to Narodnaya Volya methods to achieve political freedom. Arrested by British police and tried for inciting assassination of Nicholas II.
Sentenced to 18 months’ hard labor. 1900, on release, published historical revol journal Byloye. Altough close to opinions of Socialist-Revolutionaries and keeping contact with them, he did not join the Socialist-Revol Party but instead inclined increasingly to liberal ideas.
1903-1904 expelled from France and Switzerland. 1905 wrote letter to Premier Witte promising lo speak out against terror if government would refrain from persecuting revolutionaries. 1905 went to Russia; 1907 again went abroad.
Gained notoriety by unmasking provocateurs and agents of Russian political police, especially Garding-Landeyzen and Azef. 1908 resumed publ of emigre journal Byloye: 1917 arrived in Russia, started to publish Petrograd newspaper Obshcheye delo following 1917 October Revol and after serving short prison sentence moved to South Russia and then to Paris, where he continued to publish Obshcheye delo.
Every religion forces people to rely on outside authority, thus depriving them to become self-sufficient.
Individuals have rights to express freedom if it safeguarde the interests of a collective.