Background
KEYNES, John Neville was born on August 31, 1852 in Salisbury. Son of late John Keynes.
(Originally published in 1881. STUDIES AND EXERCISES IN FO...)
Originally published in 1881. STUDIES AND EXERCISES IN FORMAL LOGIC- INCLUDING GENERALISATION OF LOGICAL PROCESSES IN THEIll APPLICATION TO COMPLEX INFERENCES by JOHN NEVILLE KEYNES. PREFACE TO THE FOURTH EDITION: IN this edition many of the sections have been re-written and a good deal of new matter has been introduced. The following are some of the more important modifications. In Part I a new definition of connotative name is proposed, in the hope that some misunderstanding may thereby be avoided siiicl the treatment of negative names has been revised. In Part II the problem of the import of judgments and propositions in its various aspects is dealt with in much more detail than before, and greater importance is attached to distinctions of imulality. Wfrty in consequence of this, the treatment of conditional and hypothetical propositions has been modified. 1 have partially re-written the chapter on the existential import of propositions in order to meet some recent criticisms and to explain my position more clearly. Many other minor changes in Part II have been made. Amongst the changes in Part III are a more systematic treatment of the process of the indirect reduction of syllogisms, and the introduction of a chapter on the characteristics of inference. An appendix on the fundamental laws of thought has been added and the treatment of complex propositions which previously constituted Part IV of the book has now been placed in an appendix. The reader of this edition will perceive my indebtedness to Sigwari s Logic. I have received valuable help from Professor J. S. Mackenzie and from my son, Mr J. M. Keynes arid I cannot express too strongly the debt I once more owe to Mr W. E. Johnson, who by his criticisms has enabled me to improve my exposition in many parts of the book, and also to avoid some errors. J. N. KEYNES. PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION 1. IN addition to a somewhat detailed exposition of certain portions of what may be called the book-work of formal logic, the following pages contain a number of problen. s worked out in detail and unsolved problems, by means of which the student may test his command over logical processes. In the expository portions of Parts I, II, and III, dealing respectively with terms, propositions, and syllogisms, the traditional lines are in the main followed, though with certain modifications e. g., in the systematisation of immediate inferences, and in several points of detail in connexion with the syllogism. For purposes of illustration Eulers diagrams are employed to a greater extent than is usual in English manuals. In Part IV, which contains a generalisation of logical processes in their application to complex inferences, a some what new departure is taken. So far as I am aware this part constitutes the first systematic attempt that has been made to deal with formal reasonings of the most complicated character without the aid of mathematical or other symbols of operation, and without abandoning the ordinary non-cquational or predic ative form of proposition. This attempt has on the whole met with greater success than I had anticipated and I believe that the methods formulated will be found to be both as easy and as effective as the symbolical methods of Boole arid his followers. The book concludes with a general and sure method of solution of what Professor Jevons called the in orse problem, and which he himself seemed to regard as soluble only by a series of guesses...
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(Formal Logic. This was necessary in the case of disputed ...)
Formal Logic. This was necessary in the case of disputed or doubtful points in order that the working out of the problems might be made consistent and intelligible; there were also some points concerning which I was dissatisfied with the method of treat ment adopted in the ordinary text-books. At the same time, this volume must be regarded, not as superseding the study of an elementary text-book ofF ormal Logic, but as supplementing it. While cer tain topics are dealt with in considerable detail others have been omitted ;e.g., the doctrines of Definition and Division and the Predicables are not touched upon, no definition of theS cience itself is given, and no systematic discussion of first principles has been K. L. (Typographical errors above are due to OCR software and don't occur in the book.) About the Publisher Forgotten Books is a publisher of historical writings, such as: Philosophy, Classics, Science, Religion, History, Folklore and Mythology. Forgotten Books' Classic Reprint Series utilizes the latest technology to regenerate facsimiles of historically important writings. Careful attention has been made to accurately preserve the original format of each page whilst digitally enhancing the aged text. Read books online for free at www.forgottenbooks.org
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(The following are some of the more important modification...)
The following are some of the more important modifications. In Part I a new definition of connotative name is proposed, in the hope that some misunderstanding may thereby be avoided ;siiicl the treatment of negative names has been revised. In Part II the problem of the import of judgments and propositions in its various aspects is dealt with in much more detail than before, and greater importance is attached to distinctions of imulality. Wfr tyin consequence of this, the treatment of conditional and hypothetical propositions has been modified. 1have partially re-written the chapter on the existential import of propositions in order to meet some recent criticisms and to explain my position more clearly. Many other minor changes in Part II have been made. A mongst the changes in Part III are a more systematic treatment of the process of the indirect reduction of syllogisms, and the introduction of a chapter on the characteristics of inference. An appendix on the fundamental laws of thought has been added; and the treatment of complex propositions which previously constituted Part IV of the book has now been placed in an appendix. The reader of this edition will perceive my indebtedness to Sigwaris Logic. I have received valuable help from Professor J. S. Mackenzie and from my son, Mr J. M. Keynes; arid I cannot express too strongly the debt I once more owe toM rW. E. Johnson, who by his criticisms has enabled me to improve my exposition in many parts of the book, and also to avoid some errors. J. N. KEYNES. (Typographical errors above are due to OCR software and don't occur in the book.) About the Publisher Forgotten Books is a publisher of historical writings, such as: Philosophy, Classics, Science, Religion, History, Folklore and Mythology. Forgotten Books' Classic Reprint Series utilizes the latest technology to regenerate facsimiles of historically important writings. Careful att
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(This is a reproduction of a book published before 1923. T...)
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(Bhs PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION In addition to a somewha...)
Bhs PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION In addition to a somewhat detailed exposition of certain portions of what may be called the bookwork ofF ormal Logic, the following pages contain a number of problems worked out in detail and unsolved problems, by means of which the student may test his command over logical processes. While certain topics, however, are dealt with in considerable detail, others are altogether omitted; e,g. ,the doctrines of Definition and Division and the Predicables are not touched upon, and no systematic discussion of first principles has been introduced. This volume must therefore be regarded, not as superseding the study of an elementary text-book ofF ormal Logic, but rather as supplementing it. In the expository portions of Parts I. II. and III., dealing respectively with Terms, Propositions, andS yllogisms, the traditional lines are in the main 1W ith slight omissions and alterations. K.L. (Typographical errors above are due to OCR software and don't occur in the book.) About the Publisher Forgotten Books is a publisher of historical writings, such as: Philosophy, Classics, Science, Religion, History, Folklore and Mythology. Forgotten Books' Classic Reprint Series utilizes the latest technology to regenerate facsimiles of historically important writings. Careful attention has been made to accurately preserve the original format of each page whilst digitally enhancing the aged text. Read books online for free at www.forgottenbooks.org
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(In addition to a somewhat detailed exposition of certain ...)
In addition to a somewhat detailed exposition of certain portions of what may be called the bookwork ofF ormal Logic, the following pages contain a number of problems worked out in detail and unsolved problems, by means of which the student may test his command over logical processes. While certain topics, however, are dealt with in considerable detail, others are altogether omitted ;e.g., the doctrines of Definition and Division and the Predicables are not touched upon, and no systematic discussion of first principles has been introduced. This volume must therefore be regarded, not as superseding the study of an elementary text-book ofF ormal Logic, but rather as supplementing it. In the expository portions of Parts I. II. and III., dealing respectively with Terms, Propositions, andS yllogisms, the traditional lines are in the main 1W ith slight omissions and alterations. K. L. (Typographical errors above are due to OCR software and don't occur in the book.) About the Publisher Forgotten Books is a publisher of historical writings, such as: Philosophy, Classics, Science, Religion, History, Folklore and Mythology. Forgotten Books' Classic Reprint Series utilizes the latest technology to regenerate facsimiles of historically important writings. Careful attention has been made to accurately preserve the original format of each page whilst digitally enhancing the aged text. Read books online for free at www.forgottenbooks.org
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(Originally published in 1887. This volume from the Cornel...)
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Excerpt from Studies and Exercises in Formal Logic: Including a Generalization of Logical Processes in Their Application to Complex Inference In addition to a somewhat detailed exposition of certain portions of what may be called the book-work of Formal Logic, the following pages contain a number of problems worked out in detail and unsolved problems, by means of which the student may test his command over logical processes. While certain topics, however, are dealt with in considerable detail, others are altogether omitted; e, g., the doctrines of Definition and Division and the Predicables are not touched upon, and no systematic discussion of first principles has been introduced. This volume must therefore be regarded, not as superseding the study of an elementary text-book of Formal Logic, but rather as supplementing it. About the Publisher Forgotten Books publishes hundreds of thousands of rare and classic books. Find more at www.forgottenbooks.com This book is a reproduction of an important historical work. Forgotten Books uses state-of-the-art technology to digitally reconstruct the work, preserving the original format whilst repairing imperfections present in the aged copy. In rare cases, an imperfection in the original, such as a blemish or missing page, may be replicated in our edition. We do, however, repair the vast majority of imperfections successfully; any imperfections that remain are intentionally left to preserve the state of such historical works.
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(In addition to problems worked out in detail and unsolved...)
In addition to problems worked out in detail and unsolved problems, by means of which the student may test his command over logical processes, the following pages contain a somewhat detailed exposition of certain portions of what may be called the bookwork of Formal Logic. This was necessary in the case of disputed or doubtful points in order that the working out of the problems might be made consistent and intelligible; there were also some points concerning which I was dissatisfied with the method of treatment adopted in the ordinary text-books. At the same time, this volume must be regarded, not as superseding the study of an elementary text-book of Formal Logic, but as supplementing it. While certain topics are dealt with in considerable detail others have been omitted; e.g-., the doctrines of Definition and Division and the Predicables are not touched upon, no definition of the Science itself is given, and no systematic discussion of first principles has been K. L. (Typographical errors above are due to OCR software and don't occur in the book.) About the Publisher Forgotten Books is a publisher of historical writings, such as: Philosophy, Classics, Science, Religion, History, Folklore and Mythology. Forgotten Books' Classic Reprint Series utilizes the latest technology to regenerate facsimiles of historically important writings. Careful attention has been made to accurately preserve the original format of each page whilst digitally enhancing the aged text. Read books online for free at www.forgottenbooks.org
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(The Problem of Reduction 274 202. Indirect Reduction 274 ...)
The Problem of Reduction 274 202. Indirect Reduction 274 203. The mnemonic lines Barbara, Celarent, c276 204. The direct reduction of Baroco and Bocardo .... 280 205. Indirect reduction of moods usually reduced ostensively .281 206. Extension of the doctrine of Reduction 282 207. Dicta for Figures 2, 3, and 4, corresponding to theD ictum for Figure 1283 208. Is Reduction an essential part of the doctrine of theS yllogism ?. .285 209. The Fourth Figure .. ....... .288 210. Indirect Moods .. .... .. 290 211 to 221. Exercises 292 CHAPTER IV. THE DIAGRAMMATIC REPRESENTATION OF SYLLOGISMS. 222. Euler sdiagrams and syllogistic reasonings .... 294 223. Lambert sdiagrams and syllogistic reasonings .. .297 224. Dr Venn sdiagrams and syllogistic reasonings .. .298 225 to 229. Exercises 299 CHAPTER V. CONDITIONAL AND HYPOTHETICAL SYLLOGISMS. 230. The Conditional Syllogism, the Hypothetical Syllogism, and the Hypothetico-C ategorical Syllogism .. .. 300 231. Distinctions of Mood andF igure in the case of Conditional and Hypothetical Syllogisms 301 232. Fallacies inH ypothetical Syllogisms 302 233. The Reduction of Conditional and Hypothetical Syllogisms .303 234. The Moods of the Hypothetico-C ategorical Syllogism .. 303 235. Fallacies inH ypothetico-C ategorical Syllogisms .. .305 236. The Reduction of Hypothetico-C ategorical Syllogisms .. 306 237. Is the reasoning contained in the hypothetico-categorical syllogism mediate or immediate ?306 238 to 243. (Typographical errors above are due to OCR software and don't occur in the book.) About the Publisher Forgotten Books is a publisher of historical writings, such as: Philosophy, Classics, Science, Religion, History, Folklore and Mythology. Forgotten Books' Classic Reprint Series utilizes the latest technology to regenerate facsimiles of historically important writings. Careful attention has been made to accurately preserve the original format
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( The elder Keynes argues that almost every problem conn...)
The elder Keynes argues that almost every problem connected with the scope and method of political economy has given rise to conflict of opinion. The resulting controversies have sometimes been bitter. Those readers, who already have any acquaintance with the literature of economic method should be prepared to find that several of the chapters are controversial in character. At the same time, Keynes avoids the tone of a partisan and represents both sides of the argument without prejudice. While making no attempt to bring about a complete reconciliation between opposing views, Keynes shows the nature of the opposition between them has sometimes been misunderstood, and its extent consequently exaggerated. Since the scope and method of a science can never be satisfactorily discussed at the commencement of its study, some knowledge of political economy in its general outlines is assumed. The nature of the topics discussed in this classic is indicated in the introductory chapter. The abstract discussion of methods is one to which students of economics must necessarily give attention in the course of their reading, and its indirect bearing on the solution of practical economic questions is very close in contemporary importance in today’s society.
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(Originally published in 1904. This volume from the Cornel...)
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KEYNES, John Neville was born on August 31, 1852 in Salisbury. Son of late John Keynes.
Bachelor of Science, Master of Arts, Doctor of Science University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom, 1876, 1891, 1891.
Fellow of University College, London, 1875. Fellow of Pembroke College, Cambridge, 1876. Chairman Special Board for Moral Science, and of the Special Board for Economics and Politics.
Vice-President of Newnham College. Member of the Council of the Senate of the University of Cambridge since 1892, and Secretary of the Council since 1893. Registrary University of Cambridge since 1910; University Lecturer in Moral Science, Cambridge, 1884; Secretary of the Local Examinations and Lectures Syndicate, Cambridge, 1892- 1910.
(Excerpt from Studies and Exercises in Formal Logic: Inclu...)
(Bhs PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION In addition to a somewha...)
(In addition to a somewhat detailed exposition of certain ...)
(In addition to problems worked out in detail and unsolved...)
(This book, "Studies and exercises in formal logic, includ...)
(Unlike some other reproductions of classic texts (1) We h...)
(Unlike some other reproductions of classic texts (1) We h...)
(This book was originally published prior to 1923, and rep...)
( The elder Keynes argues that almost every problem conn...)
( This work has been selected by scholars as being cultur...)
(This book, "The Scope And Method Of Political Economy", b...)
(This scarce antiquarian book is a facsimile reprint of th...)
(The following are some of the more important modification...)
(This is a reproduction of a book published before 1923. T...)
(This is a reproduction of a book published before 1923. T...)
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(The Problem of Reduction 274 202. Indirect Reduction 274 ...)
(Originally published in 1881. STUDIES AND EXERCISES IN FO...)
(Originally published in 1887. This volume from the Cornel...)
(Originally published in 1904. This volume from the Cornel...)
(Lang:- English, Pages 435. Reprinted in 2015 with the hel...)
(Lang:- English, Pages 429. Reprinted in 2015 with the hel...)
(Lang:- English, Pages 483. Reprinted in 2015 with the hel...)
(Lang:- eng, Pages 444. Reprinted in 2015 with the help of...)
(Lang:- eng, Pages 477. Reprinted in 2015 with the help of...)
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(Formal Logic. This was necessary in the case of disputed ...)
(Hardcover. 8vo. Original maroon cloth. Second edition, re...)
C. D. Broad wrote that Keyne’s Formal Logic ’was the text-book in formal logic for many generations of Cambridge moral scientists. It is far and away the best book that exists in English so the old-fashioned formal logic and the earlier stages of the more recent developments’ (‘The local historical background of contemporary Cambridge philosophy’, in C. A. Mace, British Philosophy in the Mid-Centurv, London: George Allen & Unwin, 1957, p. 21). Russell, on the other hand: 'When I was young [J. N. Keynes] taught old-fashioned logic at Cambridge.
I do not know how far the new developments in the subject altered his teaching. He was an earnest Nonconformist who put morality first and logic second'. Part IV of Formal Logic contains an ingenious account of ‘logical processes in their application to complex propositions' which can serve as an example of the ptolcmaic elaboration req uired to make orthodox logic work.
His book on political economy was influential as a standard text J. A. Schumpeter wrote: 'Its perusal may be recommended even at this distance of time [in 1954] because of its merits as well as its success’.