Background
Dowbor-Musnicki, Jozef was born on October 25, 1867 in Garbow, then in Russian Poland.
Dowbor-Musnicki, Jozef was born on October 25, 1867 in Garbow, then in Russian Poland.
Educated at the Konstantinovskoe Military School in 1888. Graduated from the Academy of the General Staff in 1902.
Took part in the Russo-Japanese war, 1904-1905. On active service in the Russian Army during World War I. Took command of the 1st Polish Legionnaires Corps, organized by the Provisional Government in August 1917. After the Bolshevik take-over, refused to recognize the communist authorities and raised a rebellion in Byelorussia, January 1918.
His corps, centred around Bobruisk, fought against the Red forces, commanded by Vatsietis and Pavlunovskii (both Cheka). Occupied Minsk and entered into an agreement with the German army. After Polish independence, joined the Polish army.
Became a rival of Pilsudski, and was removed from his command, 1919. Retired soon thereafter.
Religion is an instrument of the ruling classes to instill in the masses the religious conviction that their current suffering will lead to eventual happiness.
All policy decisions should be made in the light of the continued, permanent development of the theory of Marxism–Leninism.