Background
Thomas Ewing, Jr. was born on August 7, 1829, in Lancaster, Ohio, the fifth child of Thomas and Maria Wills (Boyle) Ewing.
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Thomas Ewing, Jr. was born on August 7, 1829, in Lancaster, Ohio, the fifth child of Thomas and Maria Wills (Boyle) Ewing.
He received his early education in Ohio and at the age of nineteen became one of the private secretaries of President Taylor in whose cabinet his father was secretary of the interior.
After a year spent in this position and two more as a claims clerk in Washington, he entered Brown University.
In 1855 he attended the Cincinnati Law School and, after admission to the bar, began practising in that city.
The public indignation aroused by these disclosures prevented the admission of Kansas as a slave-state. (Ewing later wrote an article, "The Struggle for Freedom in Kansas, " published in the Cosmopolitan Magazine, May 1894. )
In 1861 he represented Kansas in the Peace Convention and in January of the same year was chosen the first chief justice of the supreme court of the new state.
He resigned his judicial office in September 1862 and recruited the 11th Kansas Volunteers, of which he was appointed colonel. After participating in several severe engagements in Arkansas he was promoted brigadier-general in March 1863.
From June 1863 to February 1864 he was in command of the "District of the Border, " which comprised Kansas and the western tier of counties in Missouri. In his efforts to exterminate the guerrilla bands which infested this area, Ewing issued his famous Order No. 11, depopulating the counties of Missouri.
In March 1864 he was assigned to the command of the St. Louis District. When General Sterling Price invaded Missouri the following September, Ewing was ordered to check and delay the progress of the Confederate forces in their march on St. Louis. He encountered their advance columns in a narrow defile and, disputing every inch of ground, slowly retired to Fort Davidson, a small earthwork adjacent to Pilot Knob.
On September 27 Price attacked him but was repulsed with great losses. Ewing soon found his position untenable, however, because the enemy placed batteries on the mountain sides and began to shell the fort. Under cover of darkness Ewing spiked all his guns but two, blew up the magazine and his valuable stores, and started to retreat toward St. Louis.
During the next thirty-nine hours his forces marched sixty-six miles, hotly pursued by the foe. At Harrison he entrenched behind railroad ties and for three days held the enemy at bay until relieved by reinforcements from Rolla.
In February 1865 Ewing resigned his commission and soon afterward was brevetted major-general for his services at Pilot Knob. During the next few years he resided in Washington, D. C. , where he practiced law. President Johnson offered him the positions of secretary of war and attorney-general but Ewing declined both.
From 1877 to 1881 he represented the Lancaster district in Congress and as a member of that body was the leader in the movement for preservation of the Greenback currency; advocated the remonetization of the currency; and took a prominent part in the support of legislation to stop the employment of federal troops and supervisors at state elections.
In 1881 he retired from Congress and politics and removed to New York City where he practiced law during the remainder of his life.
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He was one of the founders of the Ohio Society of New York and was its first president.
In 1870 he returned to Lancaster, Ohio, and during the next twelve years was a conspicuous leader of the Greenback wing of the Democratic party.
His candidacy for the governorship in 1879 on the Democratic ticket was the last of the Greenback movement in Ohio, and, although he was defeated, his brilliant campaign attracted the attention of the country.
As an ardent anti-slavery man, Ewing was largely instrumental in revealing the fraudulent voting for state officers at the election held on January 4, 1858, under the Lecompton constitution.
Quotations: "Thus closed a campaign of a week of stubborn fighting, on a comparatively small scale, but still rarely excelled during the war" (Reid, post, I, 835).
He was a member of the firm of Ewing, Sherman & McCook. He moved to Leavenworth, Kansas in 1856, where he became a member of the Leavenworth Constitutional Convention of 1858.
He was a member of the Ohio state Constitutional Convention of 1873 – 74, and represented his district in the 45th and 46th Congresses from 1877 until 1881.
His easy and gracious manner made a deep impression on every one he met; while his lofty ideals, his sincerity, his integrity, and his eloquence made him an effective popular leader.
On January 8, 1856, he married Ellen Ewing Cox, the daughter of Rev. William Cox, of Piqua, Ohio, and during the same year he and his wife moved to Leavenworth, Kansas.