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He was born on October 3, 1791 at Fort Edward, New York, United States. His father, Adiel, who had married a second cousin, Sarah (Sherwood), was a descendant of Thomas Sherwood who had emigrated to Boston in 1634 and in 1645 had settled in Stratford, Connecticut. The elder Adiel was a farmer, Revolutionary soldier, member of the New York legislature, and a personal friend of George Washington.
Sherwood entered Middlebury College, Vermont, in 1813, but after three years transferred to Union College, Schenectady, New York, where he was graduated in 1817. He then spent one year at Andover Theological Seminary.
Threatened with tuberculosis, on the advice of physicians he removed to Georgia, taking with him recommendations to leading Baptist ministers of that state. He landed in Savannah in 1818, and was soon the ardent and effective helper of every progressive movement in the Baptist denomination. Ordained at Bethesda Church, Green County, March 20, 1820, he at once began a ministry that was long and apostolic in its zeal and effectiveness.
His laborious service is evinced by the fact that in 1828 he preached 333 sermons in forty different counties. He was at different times, and for longer or shorter periods, pastor of many country and town churches, a number of which he had established. In his church at Eatonton, in 1827, there started a revival, which spread over much of the state and resulted in the addition of 16, 000 members to the churches of three Baptist associations.
In 1823 he introduced a resolution into the Triennial Convention, urging all the states to organize state conventions. He was clerk and treasurer of the Baptist State Convention of Georgia for many years. Greatly interested in education, he taught several years in Georgia academies and started a manual labor school and a theological school at Eatonton.
He was a professor in Columbian College (now George Washington University), Washington, in 1837-38; taught sacred literature at Mercer from 1838 to 1841; and was president successively of Shurtleff College, Illinois, 1841-46, Masonic College, Lexington, Missouri, 1848-49, and Marshall College, Griffin, Georgia, from 1857 until the Civil War. From 1852 to 1857 he was pastor at Cape Girardeau, Missouri.
In 1865 he settled in St. Louis, Missouri, where he resided until his death in 1879.
Adiel Sherwood organized churches and advocated missions, Sunday schools, and Bible societies over wide areas of Georgia. He prepared a resolution, adopted by Sarepta Association, which led to the founding of the Baptist State Convention in 1822. He was instrumental in the establishment of Mercer Institute (later Mercer University). He also published several pamphlets and books, the most important of which were A Gazetteer of the State of Georgia (1827), The Jewish and Christian Churches (1850), and Notes on the New Testament.
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He was a vigorous friend of foreign and home missions, steadily opposing anti-mission propaganda, serving as secretary of the American Indian Missionary Association.
As a speaker he was clear, logical, and forceful. He was also an organizer of ability. He had a genius for friendship with important men, was intimate with the leading ministers of America, and was personally acquainted with many prominent national officials.
He was twice married; first, May 17, 1821, to Anne Adams Smith, widow of Gov. Peter Early; she died in November 1822 and in May 1824 he married Emma Heriot of Charleston, South Carolina, who with one son, Thomas Adiel Sherwood, and four daughters survived him.
