Background
He was a 15th-generation descendant of the imam al-Mutawakkil al-Mutahhar bin Yahya (d 1298).
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Al-Mutawakkil al-Muhsin
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Career
His highly contested reign saw the temporary end of the independent Yemeni state. Al-Muhsin bin Ahmad was a Sayyid from Shaharah, a stronghold north of the capital San'a, and he was therefore also known as ash-Shahari. Al-Muhsin lived in a time of great political turbulence in Yemen.
The various imams were locally based and only held power for brief terms in San'a itself. Al-Muhsin claimed the imamate in 1855, and again in 1857, under the name al-Mutawakkil al-Muhsin. In the same year 1860, the inhabitants of San'a, tired of the infighting, issued a proclamation that they would look after their own affairs.
A shaykh called Muhsin Mu'id (d 1881) was made governor of the city. He established contacts with Imam al-Mutawakkil al-Muhsin, who established his residence in the fort Dhu Marmar and struck coins. In 1867 the imam fell out with Governor Muhsin Mu'id and entered San'a by force, but was unable to remain there.
In the next year, an agreement was made whereby al-Mutawakkil al-Muhsin was mentioned in the Friday prayer, leaving administration largely in the hands of the governor. In 1868, the imam also tried to curb the authority of the Makramah (Isma'ili) sect, which had used the times of trouble to take over the al-Haymah district. Although being supported by the Arhab tribe, he was unsuccessful in this enterprise.
As a consequence, his prestige dwindled, and San'a once again became the scene of plunderings by tribesmen. Lowland Yemen had been under Ottoman rule since 1849. After the Suez Canal was opened in 1869, the Porte feared increased British influence in the southern part of Arabia.
With this in mind, the Ottoman authorities resolved to bring entire Yemen under their thumb, in 1872. In the meantime, al-Mutawakkil al-Muhsin had estranged a good part of the population of San'a. The governor and al-Hadi Ghalib welcomed the Turkish troops who marched into San'a in April 1872.
Al-Mutawakkil al-Muhsin withdrew to Haddah south of San'a where he rallied support to fight the Turkish occupiers. He was able to rouse the Hashid and Arhab tribes for his cause. His tribal followers were defeated in a series of battles in the same year, however.
Al-Mutawakkil al-Muhsin refused to give up resistance and continued to create trouble for the Ottoman governance until his death in 1878. The imam's alliance with the tribal groups remained firm henceforth. He was however unable to seriously threaten the position of the occupiers.
The torch of resistance was taken over by a pretender-imam of another family, al-Hadi Sharaf ad-Din.
