Background
Alfonso Liguori was born at Marianella, near Naples, Italy on the 27th of September 1696, being the son of Giuseppe dei Liguori, a Neapolitan noble.
Alfonso Liguori was born at Marianella, near Naples, Italy on the 27th of September 1696, being the son of Giuseppe dei Liguori, a Neapolitan noble.
Liguori became doctor of laws when only sixteen, began a successful practice at nineteen, and, reportedly impelled by a vision, took holy orders in 1723. He was ordained priest in 1726. For six years he worked among the poor and homeless of Naples, assisting (1730 - 1731) in founding the Redemptoristines, an institute of contemplative nuns. On Nov. 9, 1732, he organized the Congregation of the Most Holy Redeemer (Redemptorists), which he established despite opposition that approached persecution. In 1762 he was compelled by Clement XIII to accept the bishopric of Santa Agata dei Goti, where he continued his studies while he lamented his enforced absence from the contemplative monastic life. In May 1775 he was finally permitted to retire to the Redemptorist Institute near Nocera, where he suffered greatly during the tribulations that beset his followers and lived through a terrible "night of the soul. " He died peacefully at the Nocera establishment on Aug. 1, 1787. Beatified in 1816, canonized in 1839 as St. Alphonsus Liguori, he was declared Doctor of the Church by Pius IX in 1871. From 1744 onward Liguori produced numerous theological writings. In 1748 he published his famous Theologia Moralis, as a commentary on the Medulla Theologiae Moralis of the Jesuit Hermann Busembaum, and he labored the rest of his life in extending and perfecting it. His work is characterized by a moderation which found the middle way between excessive strictness and exaggerated leniency. From 1762, while remaining a decided opponent of the rigorous "probabiliorism, " then very widespread, he modified his own system of "probabilism" so as to counteract the abuse of the theory at the hands of many authors.
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