Background
Shapiro, Alvin Philip was born on December 28, 1920 in Nashville, Tennessee, United States. Son of Samuel and Mollie (Levine) Shapiro.
(Understanding and treating hypertension has progressed si...)
Understanding and treating hypertension has progressed significantly during the past 40 to 50 years. This progress has made a major contribution to health care concerns such as quality of life, prevention of disability, and mortality. In the past, hypertension and hypertensive disease had been a "silent scourge," but it is presently an industry. Research on hypertension has expanded into a variety of fields including epidemiology, endocrinology, surgery, pharmacology, and behavioral medicine. Therapeutic accomplishments have made hypertension a leading source of income for the pharmaceutical industry; the field of clinical pharmacology originated with the development of drugs to treat hypertension. Increasingly, specific drugs to treat specific mechanisms which raise blood pressure have moved from the laboratory to the bedside. A constant awareness has been present that emotional stress, both from within the individual as well as from environmental sources, plays a role in the "three Ps" -- predisposition, precipitation, and perpetuation -- of hypertension. Arguments range from stating that such stress may be the major cause of at least some forms of hypertension, to allowing that although some effect is present from stress, it is only a minor perturbation of no significance in the overall pattern of the disease. Advocates of stress theory may be biased by a lack of detailed knowledge or experience with the physiology and biochemistry involved in the establishment of this disorder. On the other hand, those who deny the importance of stress factors may be unaware of the large body of data that indicate the role of these factors in any comprehensive understanding of hypertension. Following the Mosaic Theory, this book's approach to hypertension shows that multiple factors can be invoked in understanding the etiology and management of hypertension, where the strength of individual factors vary depending on genetic background, acquired diseases, and environmental influences. Stress can be involved in predisposition by affecting a genetically programmed person, in precipitation by supplying the stimulus to bring the disease to a clinical level, and in perpetuation by maintaining or exacerbating the clinical disease. This volume attempts to integrate what is known about the effects of stress on blood pressure with the overall mosaic of hypertension making use of the aforementioned "three Ps" as part of the framework for this integration.
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Shapiro, Alvin Philip was born on December 28, 1920 in Nashville, Tennessee, United States. Son of Samuel and Mollie (Levine) Shapiro.
Bachelor of Arts, Cornell Univercity, 1941; Doctor of Medicine Long Island College Medicine, Brooklyn, 1944.
Intern, Long Island College Hospital, Brooklyn, 1944-1945;
assistant resident internal medicine, Goldwater Memorial Hospital, New York City, 1945-1946;
assistant resident psychiatry, Long Island College Hospital and Kings County Hospital, 1947-1948;
practice academic medicine specializing in internal medicine, Cincinnati, 1948-1951;
practice academic medicine specializing in internal medicine, Dallas, 1951-1956;
practice academic medicine specializing in internal medicine, Pittsburgh, since 1956;
research fellow, Cincinnati General Hospital, 1948-1949;
medical teaching fellow, Commonwealth Fund Psychosomatic Program, 1949-1951;
attending physician, Commonwealth Fund Psychosomatic Program, 1949-1951;
attending physician, Parkland, VA hospitals, Dallas, 1951-1956;
attending physician, Presbyterian-University Hospital, Pittsburgh, 1957-1961;
senior staff, Presbyterian-University Hospital, since 1962;
attending physician, Veterans Administration Hospital., Pittsburgh, 1960-1966;
consultant, Veterans Administration Hospital., since 1967;
attending physician, Shadyside Hospital, since 1986. Co-director hypertension-renal clinic Falk Clinic U. Pittsburgh, 1956-1965, director hypertension clinic, 1965-1986. Instructor department internal medicine U. Cincinnati College Medicine, 1949-1951.
Assistant professor Southwestern Medical School, University Texas, 1951-1956. Assistant professor departments clinical science and medicine U. Pittsburgh Sch.Medicine, 1956-1960, associate professor department medicine, 1960-1967, professor, 1967-1993, professor emeritus, since 1993, director psychosomatic program department medicine, 1960-1971, interim chief renal section, 1962-1965, chief clinical pharmacology-hypertension section, 1960-1971, associate dean academic affairs, 1971-1975, vice-department chairman medicine, 1975-1979, interim department chairman medicine, 1977-1979. Director Internal Medicine Residency program, Shadyside Hospital, 1986-1993.
Consultant American Medical Association Council on Drugs, 1959, Medical Letter of Drugs and Therapy, 1960. Fulbright visiting professor U. Utrecht, The Netherlands, 1968. Chairman special projects study committee National Heart Institute, 1970, chairman policy advisory board national hypertension study, 1972-1982.
(Understanding and treating hypertension has progressed si...)
Served as captain Medical Corps Army of the United States, 1946-1947. Fellow American College of Physicians (Laureate award for teaching excellence Pennsylvania chapter 1988), American Association for the Advancement of Science (elected fellow 1989). Member American Federation Clinical Research, American Psychosomatic Society (secretary-treasurer 1969-1973, president 1975), American Medical Association, American Heart Association (medical advisory board council high blood pressure, council on circulation, council on epidemiology), Pennsylvania County Medical Society, Allegheny County Medical Society, New York Academy of Sciences, American Diabetes Association, American Society Clinical Investigation, Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine, American Society for Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Center Society Clinical Research, International Society Hypertension, Academy Behavioral Medicine (council 1986, president 1987), Alpha Omega Alpha.
Married Ruth Thomson, 1951. Children: Debra, David.