Background
He was born on March 31, 1844, in Selkirk, Scottish Borders, United Kingdom. He was the eldest of the eight children born to John Lang, the town clerk of Selkirk, and his wife Jane Plenderleath Sellar, who was the daughter of Patrick Sellar, factor to the first duke of Sutherland.
Education
He was educated at the Edinburgh Academy, St Andrews University and at Balliol College, Oxford, where he took a first class in the final classical schools in 1868, becoming a fellow and subsequently honorary fellow of Merton College.
Butcher in a prose translation (1879) of the Odyssey, and with E. Myers and Walter Leaf in a prose version (1883) of the Iliad, both of them remarkable for accurate scholarship and excellence of style.
Career
He collaborated in translating the Odyssey in 1879 and the Iliad in 1883, and devoted to the Homeric epics several volumes, culminating in The World of Homer (1910), which argued effectively for their unity of authorship. Lang also made admirable translations from Old French, as in his rendering of Aucassin and Nicolette.
Ballades in Blue China (1880, enlarged edition, 1888), Ballads and Verses Vain (1884), selected by Mr Austin Dobson; Rhymes a la Mode (1884), Grass of Parnassus (1888), Ban and Arriere Ban (1894), New Collected Rhymes (1905).
His purely journalistic activity was from the first of a varied description, ranging from sparkling " leaders " for the Daily News to miscellaneous articles for the Morning Post, and for many years he was literary editor of Longman's Magazine; no critic was in more request, whether for occasional articles and introductions to new editions or as editor of dainty reprints.
The Mystery of Mary Stuart (1901, new and revised ed. , 1904) was a consideration of the fresh light thrown on Mary's history by the Lennox MSS.
He also wrote monographs on The Portraits and Jewels of Mary Stuart (1906) and James VI and the Cowrie Mystery (1902).
The somewhat unfavourable view of John Knox presented in his book John Knox and the Reformationaroused considerable controversy.
He gave new information about the continental career of the Young Pretender in Pickle the Spy (1897), an account of Alastair Ruadh Macdonell, whom he identified with Pickle, a notorious Hanoverian spy.
This was followed in 1898 by The Companions of Pickle, and in 1900 by a monograph on Prince Charles Edward.
In 1900 he began a History of Scotland from the Roman Occupation, the fourth volume of which (1907) brought Scottish history down to 1746.
The earliest of these works was Custom and Myth (1884); in Myth, Literature and Religion (2 vols. , 1887, French trans. , 1896) he explained the irrational elements of mythology as survivals from earlier savagery; in The Making of Religion (an idealization of savage animism) he maintained the existence of high spiritual ideas among savage races, and instituted comparisons between savage practices and the 'occult phenomena among civilized races; he dealt with the origins of totemism (q. v. ) in Social Origins, printed (1903) together with J. J. Atkinson's Primal Law.
He edited The Poems and Songs of Robert Burns (1896), and was responsible for the Life and Letters (1897) of J. G. Lockhart, and The Life, Letters and Diaries (1890) of Sir Stafford Northcote, first earl of Iddesleigh.
As a Homeric scholar, of conservative views, he took a high rank.
Membership
He became a fellow and subsequently honorary fellow of Merton College.
Connections
On 17 April 1875, he married Leonora Blanche Alleyne, youngest daughter of C. T. Alleyne of Clifton and Barbados.