Career
1905 joined revol movement. After 1917 February Revol Party organisation at Obukhov Plant, Petrograd. Member, Executive Commission, Petrograd Russian Social-Democratic Workers ’Party (Bolsheviks) Committee.
Petrograd Russian Social-Democratic Workers ’Party (Bolsheviks) Committee deleg at 6th Russian Social-Democratic Workers ’Party (Bolsheviks) Congress. October 1917 took part in Bolshevik coup in Petrograd. At 2nd All-Russian Congress of Soviets elected member, All-Russian Central Executive Committee.
March 1918 appointed chairman. Council of People's Commissar of the Tavrida (Crimean) Soviet Republic.