Arthur Amos Noyes was an American chemist. He served as acting president of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and as acting chairman of the National Research Council. Noyes was president of the American Chemical Society and president of the American Association for the Advancement of Science.
Background
Arthur Amos Noyes was born on September 13, 1866 in Newburyport, Massachussets, United States. He was the older of two sons of Amos and Anna Page (Andrews) Noyes and a descendant of Nicholas Noyes, who came from England in 1633 and settled in the town of Newbury in 1635. Arthur Noyes's father was an able and scholarly lawyer. His mother was interested in literature, especially poetry; after her husband's death in 1896 she became a close companion to her son, who never married.
Education
Noyes first acquired an interest in chemistry from a teacher at Newburyport High School, Oliver Merrill, and in pursuit of this interest he and another boy, Samuel P. Mulliken, later professor of organic chemistry at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, carried out chemical experiments at home. Noyes had hoped to attend the Massachusetts Institute of Technology after finishing high school, but lack of funds at first prevented this. He studied all of the first-year subjects except drawing at home, however, and thus was able to enter the sophomore class at M. I. T. when he was granted a scholarship there. In 1886 he received the bachelor's degree and in 1887 the master's degree, his principal field of work being organic chemistry. He went to Europe with the intent of pursuing graduate work in organic chemistry under the German chemist Adolf von Baeyer at the University of Munich.
He received honorary degrees from Harvard, Yale, and several other universities.
Career
After a year as teaching assistant in analytical chemistry, during which he formed a close friendship with one of his students, George Ellery Hale, who was later to play an important part in his life, Noyes left M. I. T.
On arrival in Rotterdam he received word that there would be no room for him in Baeyer's laboratory, and he selected Leipzig as the alternative. This choice was a fortunate one, for Wilhelm Ostwald had just begun to give lectures there on the new subject of physical chemistry, and Noyes became interested in this field. He carried out investigations of deviations from the van't Hoff laws of perfect solutions and received his doctorate in 1890.
Returning to M. I. T. , Noyes was engaged for a number of years in teaching analytical, organic, and physical chemistry and in writing three books, one on each of these three subjects. His textbook on qualitative analysis of inorganic substances (published under varying titles in 1894 and many later editions) was widely used and was of great importance in introducing concepts of physical chemistry into this field. His first book on physical chemistry, The General Principles of Physical Science (1902), was later expanded, with the collaboration of Miles S. Sherrill, into a textbook, A Course of Study in Chemical Principles (1922), which was of much value in bringing precision into the teaching of this subject in the United States. These two books have been described as revolutionizing the teaching of both analytical and physical chemistry in America.
In 1913 Noyes became associated on a part-time basis, at the request of George Ellery Hale, with the California Institute of Technology (then called Throop College of Technology) at Pasadena, and in 1919 he resigned his post at M. I. T. and moved to California. He devoted himself during the remaining years of his life to developing the California institution into a great center of education and research in science and technology, an accomplishment for which he, Hale, and the physicist Robert Andrews Millikan, who joined them in 1921, share the chief credit. Millikan developed the field of physics and served as chief administrative officer of the Institute. Noyes was primarily responsible for determining the Institute's policies, including limitation of the number of undergraduate students to 160 (later 180) per annual class and emphasis on the humanities and on undergraduate, graduate, and postdoctorate research. Noyes founded in 1895 a journal, Review of American Chemical Research, which later became the important Chemical Abstracts.
Views
Noyes was devoted to the idea that students should learn the principles of science by solving problems.
Personality
Despite his rather reserved personality, which was perhaps due to shyness, Noyes had a great influence on students, whom he inspired by his own unselfish devotion to science, his high principles, and his idealism, often expressed in poetic selections that he read in class.