First Principles of Chemistry: for the Use of Colleges and Schools
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First Principles of Physics, or Natural Philosophy: Designed for the Use of Schools and Colleges (Classic Reprint)
(Excerpt from First Principles of Physics, or Natural Phil...)
Excerpt from First Principles of Physics, or Natural Philosophy: Designed for the Use of Schools and Colleges
When individual experience is enlarged by the experience of other inquirers and other times, and the combined knowledge of many is so arranged as to be comprehended by one, the system becomes a sermon, or philosophy of nature. Because its princi ples are founded upon a comparison and analysis of facts, a sys tem of this kind is also called Inductifs Philosophy.
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The Truly Practical Man, Necessarily an Educated Man. Oration Delivered at the Commencement of the College of California, Wednesday, June 5, 1867 - PR
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First Principles of Physics, or Natural Philosophy, Designed for the Use of Schools and Colleges
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American contributions to chemistry. An address delivered on the occasion of the celebration of the centennial of chemistry, at Northumberland, Pa., August 1, 1874
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American Contributions to Chemistry. an Address Delivered on the Occasion of the Celebration of the Centennial of Chemistry, at Northumberland, Pa., August 1, 1874
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Principles of Physics, Or, Natural Philosophy: Designed for the Use of Colleges and Schools
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The Truly Practical Man, Necessarily an Educated Man. Oration Delivered at the Commencement of the College of California, Wednesday, June 5, 1867
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The Truly Practical Man, Necessarily an Educated Man. Oration Delivered at the Commencement of the College of California, Wednesday, June 5, 1867
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Benjamin Silliman Jr. was a professor of chemistry at Yale University and instrumental in developing the oil industry.
Background
Benjamin Silliman was born and died in New Haven, Connecticut. His father was Benjamin Silliman, for more than fifty years professor of chemistry and geology at Yale; his mother was Harriet (Trumbull), daughter of Jonathan Trumbull, governor of Connecticut, 1798-1809, and grand-daughter of Jonathan Trumbull, governor of Connecticut during the Revolution.
Education
Probably because of the influence of his distinguished father, Silliman's major interests throughout a very active life were scientific. Graduating from Yale in 1837, he began teaching immediately as assistant to his father.
Career
In 1838 he became an associate editor of the American Journal of Science, founded by his father twenty years earlier, and he continued in this capacity, or as editor, later assisted by his brother-in-law, James D. Dana, until his death, a period of almost fifty years.
Nearly all his scientific publications, numbering over fifty and concerned chiefly with chemistry and mineralogy, appeared in this journal, beginning in 1841. His best-known books were two college texts, First Principles of Chemistry (1847) and First Principles of Physics (1859).
Both went through several editions. In 1846 he was appointed professor of practical chemistry and the following year, with John P. Norton, he established a school of applied chemistry at Yale in the new Department of Philosophy and the Arts which later became the Sheffield Scientific School.
In 1853 he was appointed to succeed his father, who had just retired, in the professorship of chemistry in the Yale Medical School and Yale College. He maintained his connection with the Scientific School until 1869, with Yale College until 1870, and with the Yale Medical School until his death.
For a number of years also (1849 - 54) he spent a portion of his time in Kentucky as professor of chemistry in the medical department of the University of Louisville.
He was one of the fifty original members of the National Academy of Sciences, incorporated in 1863. Silliman frequently acted as a consultant in chemical and mining problems, and in this capacity made one major contribution to the petroleum industry the importance of which has not been generally appreciated. This was his Report on the Rock Oil, or Petroleum, from Venango County, Pennsylvania (1855), based on an investigation made for the company which owned the land on which Edwin L. Drake later drilled the first oil well in Pennsylvania.
In this report, printed as a copyrighted pamphlet at the time and some years later republished in full in the American Chemist (July 1871), Silliman showed from his own researches that petroleum was essentially a mixture of hydrocarbons, entirely different in character from vegetable and animal oils, and that it could be separated, by fractional distillation and simple means of purification, into a series of distillates making up about ninety percent of the whole.
He estimated that about fifty percent of the distillate (the intermediate fractions) could be used for illuminating purposes, and he found by quantitative measurements with a photometer devised for the purpose that the light was superior to that from any other of a number of illuminants. From the high-boiling oily fraction he extracted paraffine, purified it, and found it made excellent candles.
The high-boiling oil he characterized as valuable for lubrication because it did not become rancid, did not freeze, and did not tend to form a gum. Finally, he found that crude petroleum, when passed through heated coke, decomposed into a gas of very high illuminating power suitable to enrich illuminating gas.
In short, in this investigation Silliman discovered the chief uses which were to be made of petroleum products for the next fifty years and outlined the principal methods of preparing and purifying those products.