Group photo 1909 in front of Clark University. Front row, Sigmund Freud, G. Stanley Hall, Carl Jung. Back row, Abraham Brill, Ernest Jones, Sándor Ferenczi.
Dr. Carleton Smith (Left), art authority and head of the National Arts Foundation of New York, examines primitive Egyptian sculpture with the world-known psychologist, Professor Carl Jung, in the latter's study in Zurich. Dr. Smith is en route to Moscow to be the guest of the Soviet Government and to make preliminary plans for the exchange of art and artists between Russia and the United States.
Art Work. Dr. Carleton Smith (Left), art authority and head of the National Arts Foundation of New York, examines primitive Egyptian sculpture with the world-known psychologist, Professor Carl Jung, in the latter's study in Zurich. Dr. Smith is en route to Moscow to be the guest of the Soviet Government and to make preliminary plans for the exchange of art and artists between Russia and the United States.
Zurich, Switzerland- Professor Carl Jung died at his home in Kusnacht, near Zurich, at the age of 86 years.Professor Jung was the most famous disciple of Sigmund Freud, the "Father of the psychoanalysis" and later on became his most famous adversary. With Alfred Adler and Freud, Jung formed the"big three' of psychology and psychotherapy, who founded the new school of knowledge and thinking at the beginning of the century. Undated.
Carl Gustav Jung was a Swiss psychiatrist and psychoanalyst who founded analytical psychology. His work has been influential not only in psychiatry but also in anthropology, archaeology, literature, philosophy and religious studies.
Background
Carl Gustav Jung was born on July 26, 1875, in Kesswil, near Lake Constance, Switzerland, the only son of a Protestant clergyman.
His paternal great-grandfather was a member of the Catholic Council of Mainz; his father's father, however, was converted to Protestantism by Friedrich Schleiermacher in 1813. His paternal grandfather, an aesthete and poet, was exiled from Germany for his revolutionary views; he was called to the chair of surgery in the University of Basel in 1822 through the intercession of Alexander von Humboldt and later founded the first insane asylum there, as well as the Ansta’t zur Hoffnung, a home for mentally retarded children.
Education
At the age of four he went to Basel, which he regarded as his hometown: his mother was born there, and he went to school and received his doctorate in medicine there.
Despite an inclination toward the humanities, his ancestors on his father’s side also included physicians who exercised an enduring influence on Jung’s intellectual development.
In his fourth year the family moved to Basel, where the boy was educated and studied medicine.
His development was also influenced by his medical forebears, in particular his paternal grandfather, who became dean of the surgical faculty at the University of Basel (1822) and founded there the city's first mental hospital and a home for feeble-minded children. Before Jung decided on medicine, he studied biology, zoology, paleontology, and archaeology. He also studied Asian culture, for the religious symbols and phenomenology of Buddhism and Hinduism and the teachings of Lao-tzu, Confucius, and Zen always had special significance for him.
Observing the trance states of a young medium, Jung believed he could discern attempts to break through into consciousness of a future, more comprehensive, personality, still hidden in the unconscious. Also in 1902, Jung traveled abroad, first to Paris, where he attended the lectures of Pierre Janet, and then to London.
He received his medical degree from the University of Zurich in 1902.
Honorary doctorates were conferred on him by Clark, Fordham, Yale, and Harvard universities in the United States; by Oxford in England; by the universities of Calcutta, Benares, and Allahabad in India; and finally by the University of Geneva and the Federal Institute of Technology in Zurich.
Career
Jung began his professional career in 1900 as an assistant to Eugen Bleuler at the psychiatric clinic of the University of Zurich. During these years of his internship, Jung, with a few associates, worked out the so-called association experiment. This is a method of testing used to reveal affectively significant groups of ideas in the unconscious region of the psyche. They usually have a disturbing influence, promoting anxieties and unadapted emotions which are not under the control of the person concerned. Jung coined the term "complexes" for their designation.
When Jung read Sigmund Freud's Interpretation of Dreams, he found his own ideas and observations to be essentially confirmed and furthered. He sent his publication Studies in Word Association (1904) to Freud, and this was the beginning of their collaboration and friendship, which lasted from 1907 to 1913. Jung was eager to explore the secrets of the unconscious psyche expressed by dreaming, fantasies, myths, fairy tales, superstition, and occultism. But Freud had already worked out his theories about the underlying cause of every psychoneurosis and also his doctrine that all the expressions of the unconscious are hidden wish fulfillments. Jung felt more and more that these theories were scientific presumptions which did not do full justice to the rich expressions of unconscious psychic life. For him the unconscious not only is a disturbing factor causing psychic illnesses but also is fundamentally the seed of man's creativeness and the roots of human consciousness. With such ideas Jung came increasingly into conflict with Freud, who regarded Jung's ideas as unscientific. Jung accused Freud of dogmatism; Freud and his followers reproached Jung for mysticism.
His break with Freud caused Jung much distress. Thrown back upon himself, he began a deepened self-analysis in order to gain all the integrity and firmness for his own quest into the dark labyrinth of the unconscious psyche. During the years from 1913 to 1921 Jung published only three important papers: "Two Essays on Analytical Psychology" (1916, 1917) and "Psychological Types" (1921). The "Two Essays" provided the basic ideas from which his later work sprang. He described his research on psychological typology (extro-and introversion, thinking, feeling, sensation, and intuition as psychic functions) and expressed the idea that it is the "personal equation" which, often unconsciously but in accordance with one's own typology, influences the approach of an individual toward the outer and inner world. Especially in psychology, it is impossible for an observer to be completely objective, because his observation depends on subjective, personal presuppositions. This insight made Jung suspicious of any dogmatism.
Next to his typology, Jung's main contribution was his discovery that man's fantasy life, like the instincts, has a certain structure. There must be imperceptible energetic centers in the unconscious which regulate instinctual behavior and spontaneous imagination. Thus emerge the dominants of the collective unconscious, or the archetypes. Spontaneous dreams exist which show an astonishing resemblance to ancient mythological or fairy-tale motifs that are usually unknown to the dreamer. To Jung this meant that archetypal manifestations belong to man in all ages; they are the expression of man's basic psychic nature. Modern civilized man has built a rational superstructure and repressed his dependence on his archetypal nature - hence the feeling of self-estrangement, which is the cause of many neurotic sufferings.
In order to study archetypal patterns and processes, Jung visited so-called primitive tribes. He lived among the Pueblo Indians of New Mexico and Arizona in 1924/1925 and among the inhabitants of Mt. Elgon in Kenya during 1925/1926. He later visited Egypt and India. To Jung, the religious symbols and phenomenology of Buddhism and Hinduism and the teachings of Zen Buddhism and Confucianism all expressed differentiated experiences on the way to man's inner world, a world which was badly neglected by Western civilization. Jung also searched for traditions in Western culture which compensated for its one-sided extroverted development toward rationalism and technology. He found these traditions in Gnosticism, Christian mysticism, and, above all, alchemy. For Jung, the weird alchemical texts were astonishing symbolic expressions for the human experience of the processes in the unconscious. Some of his major works are deep and lucid psychological interpretations of alchemical writings, showing their living significance for understanding dreams and the hidden motifs of neurotic and mental disorders.
Of prime importance to Jung was the biography of the stages of inner development and of the maturation of the personality, which he termed the "process of individuation." He described a strong impulse from the unconscious to guide the individual toward its specific, most complete uniqueness. This achievement is a lifelong task of trial and error and of confronting and integrating contents of the unconscious. It consists in an ever-increasing self-knowledge and in "becoming what you are." But individuation also includes social responsibility, which is a great step on the way to self-realization.
Jung lived for his explorations, his writings, and his psychological practice, which he had to give up in 1944 due to a severe heart attack. His academic appointments during the course of his career included the professorship of medical psychology at the University of Basel and the titular professorship of philosophy from 1933 until 1942 on the faculty of philosophical and political sciences of the Federal Institute of Technology in Zurich. In 1948 he founded the C.G. Jung Institute in Zurich.
Jung died on 6 June 1961, at Küsnacht, after a short illness. He had been beset by circulatory diseases.
Achievements
The Swiss psychologist and psychiatrist Carl Gustav Jung was a founder of modern depth psychology. His work has been influential in not only psychiatry but also anthropology, archaeology, literature, philosophy, and religious studies.
Jung is one of the best known contemporary contributors to dream analysis and symbolization. His influence on popular psychology, the "psychologization of religion", spirituality and the New Age movement has been immense. A Review of General Psychology survey, published in 2002, ranked Jung as the 23rd most cited psychologist of the 20th century.
Jung saw the human psyche as "by nature religious" and made this religiousness the focus of his explorations.
The religious symbolism of Hinduism and Buddhism, and especially the teachings of the Zen Buddhists and Confucian philosophy, played an important role in his psychological research.
Jung's work on himself and his patients convinced him that life has a spiritual purpose beyond material goals. Our main task, he believed, is to discover and fulfill our deep innate potential. Based on his study of Christianity, Hinduism, Buddhism, Gnosticism, Taoism, and other traditions, Jung believed that this journey of transformation, which he called individuation, is at the mystical heart of all religions. It is a journey to meet the self and at the same time to meet the Divine.
Politics
Jung stressed the importance of individual rights in a person's relation to the state and society. He saw that the state was treated as "a quasi-animate personality from whom everything is expected" but that this personality was "only camouflage for those individuals who know how to manipulate it", and referred to the state as a form of slavery.
Jung had many friends and respected colleagues who were Jewish and he maintained relations with them through the 1930s when anti-semitism in Germany and other European nations was on the rise. However, until 1939, he also maintained professional relations with psychotherapists in Germany who had declared their support for the Nazi regime and there were allegations that he himself was a Nazi sympathizer. In 1933, after the Nazis gained power in Germany, Jung took part in restructuring of the General Medical Society for Psychotherapy (Allgemeine Ärztliche Gesellschaft für Psychotherapie), a German-based professional body with an international membership.
In 1934, Jung wrote in a Swiss publication, the Neue Zürcher Zeitung, that he experienced "great surprise and disappointment" when the Zentralblatt associated his name with the pro-Nazi statement. Evidence contrary to Jung’s denials has been adduced with reference to his writings, correspondence and public utterances of the 1930s. Attention has been drawn to articles Jung published in the Zentralblatt fur Psychotherapie stating: “The Aryan unconscious has a greater potential than the Jewish unconscious” and "The Jew, who is something of a nomad, has never yet created a cultural form of his own and as far as we can see never will". However, according to biographer Deirdre Bair, during the Nazi period Jung played all sides while he helped jews. Bair unearthed evidence supporting that during World War II Jung was recruited by Allen Dulles to secretly work against the Nazis as 'Agent 488' of the OSS.
Views
From as early as 1898 until the end of his life, occultism and mysticism interested him, as did the study of mythology. The major concepts of analytical psychology as developed by Jung include: Synchronicity - an acausal principle as a basis for the apparently random simultaneous occurrence of phenomena. Archetype - a concept "borrowed" from anthropology to denote supposedly universal and recurring mental images or themes.
Jung's definitions of archetypes varied over time and have been the subject of debate as to their usefulness. Archetypal images - supposedly universal symbols that can mediate opposites in the psyche, often found in religious art, mythology and fairy tales across cultures Complex - the repressed organisation of images and experiences that governs perception and behaviour Extraversion and introversion - personality traits of degrees of openness or reserve contributing to psychological type. Shadow - the repressed, therefore unknown, aspects of the personality including those often considered to be negative Collective unconscious - aspects of unconsciousness experienced by all people in different cultures Anima - the contrasexual aspect of a man's psyche, his inner personal feminine conceived both as a complex and an archetypal image Animus - the contrasexual aspect of a woman's psyche, her inner personal masculine conceived both as a complex and an archetypal image Self - the central overarching concept governing the individuation process, as symbolised by mandalas, the union of male and female, totality, unity. Jung viewed it as the psyche's central archetype Individuation - the process of fulfilment of each individual "which negates neither the conscious or unconscious position but does justice to them both".
Jung was one of the first people to define introversion and extraversion in a psychological context. In Jung’s Psychological Types, he theorizes that each person falls into one of two categories, the introvert and the extravert. These two psychological types Jung compares to ancient archetypes, Apollo and Dionysus. The introvert is likened with Apollo, who shines light on understanding. The extravert is associated with Dionysus, interested in joining the activities of the world. In his psychological theory – which is not necessarily linked to a particular theory of social structure – the persona appears as a consciously created personality or identity fashioned out of part of the collective psyche through socialization, acculturation and experience. The persona, he argues, is a mask for the "collective psyche", a mask that 'pretends' individuality, so that both self and others believe in that identity, even if it is really no more than a well-played role through which the collective psyche is expressed. Jung regarded the "persona-mask" as a complicated system which mediates between individual consciousness and the social community: it is "a compromise between the individual and society as to what a man should appear to be".
Quotations:
"Who looks outside, dreams; who looks inside, awakes."
"The meeting of two personalities is like the contact of two chemical substances: if there is any reaction, both are transformed."
"Everything that irritates us about others can lead us to an understanding of ourselves."
"There is no coming to consciousness without pain."
"Knowing your own darkness is the best method for dealing with the darknesses of other people."
"As far as we can discern, the sole purpose of human existence is to kindle a light of meaning in the darkness of mere being."
"In all chaos there is a cosmos, in all disorder a secret order."
"Every form of addiction is bad, no matter whether the narcotic be alcohol or morphine or idealism."
"We cannot change anything until we accept it. Condemnation does not liberate, it oppresses."
"The shoe that fits one person pinches another; there is no recipe for living that suits all cases."
Membership
Jung was elected honorary president of the German Medical Society for Psychotherapy in 1930, and from 1933 to 1939 he was president of the International Society for Psychotherapy.
German Medical Society
1930
International Society for Psychotherapy
1939
Personality
His was an extraordinary personality, combining the keenest contradictions.
Contemplativeness and childlike cheerfulness, delicate sensibility and robust simplicity, cold reserve and true devotion, rigor and tolerance, humor and severity, aloofness and love for mankind, were equally prominent traits in his makeup.
Interests
Philosophers & Thinkers
Philosophy and the history of religion excited him, and the list of great men who had a decisive influence upon him is a long one; it includes Heraclitus, Plato, Aristotle, St. Augustine, St. Thomas Aquinas, Meister Eckhart, Paracelsus, Bohme, Joachim of Floris, Goethe, Carus, Hölderlin, Nietzsche, Schopenhauer, and Freud, to name but a few.
Connections
In 1903, Jung married Emma Rauschenbach, seven years his junior and the elder daughter of a wealthy industrialist in eastern Switzerland, Johannes Rauschenbach-Schenck, and his wife. Rauschenbach was the owner, among other concerns, of IWC Schaffhausen - the International Watch Company, manufacturers of luxury time-pieces. Upon his death in 1905, his two daughters and their husbands became owners of the business. Jung's brother-in-law became the principal proprietor, but the Jungs remained shareholders in a thriving business that ensured the family's financial security for decades. Emma Jung, whose education had been limited, evinced considerable ability and interest in her husband's research and threw herself into studies and acted as his assistant at Burghölzli. She eventually became a noted psychoanalyst in her own right. They had five children. The marriage lasted until Emma's death in 1955.
During his marriage, Jung engaged in extramarital relationships. His alleged affair with Sabina Spielrein and with Toni Wolff were the most widely discussed.
Father:
Johann Paul Achilles Jung
1842–1896
Mother:
Emilie Preiswerk Jung
1848–1923
Spouse:
Emma Marie Rauschenbach Jung
1882–1955 (m. 1903)
Sister:
Johanna Gertrude Jung
1884–1935
Son:
Franz Karl Jung
1908–1996
Brother:
Paul Jung
August 18, 1873 - August 23, 1873
Daughter:
Helene Hoerni
Daughter:
Gret Baumann
Daughter:
Agathe Niehus
mistess:
Sabina Spielrein
She was a Russian physician and one of the first female psychoanalysts. She was in succession the patient, then student, then colleague of Carl Gustav Jung. She also met, corresponded, and had a collegial relationship with Sigmund Freud. One of her more famous analysands was the Swiss developmental psychologist, Jean Piaget. She worked as a psychoanalyst and teacher in Switzerland and Russia. Her best known and perhaps most influential published work in the field of psychoanalysis is the essay titled "Destruction as the Cause of Coming Into Being", written in German in 1912.
Collegue :
Sigmund Freud
He was an Austrian neurologist and the founder of psychoanalysis, a clinical method for treating psychopathology through dialogue between a patient and a psychoanalyst.
