Contemporary Italy - Its Intellectual And Moral Origins
(Many of the earliest books, particularly those dating bac...)
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Carlo Sforza was a diplomat and anti-Fascist politician.
Background
Sforza was born at Lucca, the second son of Count Giovanni Sforza, an archivist and noted historian from Montignoso (Tuscany), and Elisabetta Pierantoni, born in a family of silk merchants. His father was a descendant of the Counts of Castel San Giovanni, an illegitimate branch of the House of Sforza who had ruled the Duchy of Milan in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries. At the death of his older brother in 1936, Carlo inherited the hereditary title of Count granted to their father in 1910.
Education
After graduating in law from the University of Pisa, Sforza entered the diplomatic service in 1896.
Career
He was in the diplomatic service from 1896 until he was nominated senator in 1919. As minister of foreign affairs (1920 - 1921), he negotiated the Treaty of Rapallo (1920) with the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes (later Yugoslavia) that gained Venezia Giulia for Italy, and he concluded the Anti-Hapsburg Convention with Czechoslovakia. He served for two months as ambassador to France, but following the establishment of Mussolini's government (1922) he resigned and led the anti-Fascists in the senate. He left Italy in 1928 to continue opposition to fascism in voluntary exile in Belgium, France, and after 1940 in the United States, where he published several works on European politics and held various university appointments. He also advised the king of Italy not to enter World War II. At the Congress of Montevideo (1942) he was named leader of the Free Italians. After the Italian surrender (September 1943), Sforza was permitted by the Allies to return to Italy, where he joined Benedetto Croce in urging abdication of the king and a regency for the king's grandson. After the compromise on the "institutional question, " Sforza entered the enlarged Badoglio cabinet as minister without portfolio; he continued in the cabinet of Ivanoe Bonomi (June 18), but his inclusion in the second Bonomi cabinet was vetoed by the British government. Sforza was elected president of the Consultative Assembly created in September 1945. As minister of foreign affairs from 1947 to 1951, he directed the signing of the Allied treaty of peace with Italy on March 10, 1947. Sforza died in Rome on September 4, 1952.
Achievements
He was an Italian diplomat and statesman, an exile during the Fascist era, who became a major figure in post-World War II foreign affairs.
He left Italy in 1928 to continue opposition to fascism in voluntary exile in Belgium, France, and after 1940 in the United States, where he published several works on European politics and held various university appointments.
Membership
Sforza in 1946 became a member of the Italian Republican Party.
Connections
On 4 March 1911 in Vienna, Sforza married a Belgian aristocrat, Countess Valentine Errembault de Dudzeele et d'Orroir. Sforza and his wife had a daughter and a son.
Father:
Count Giovanni Sforza
Archivist, historian
Mother:
Elisabetta Pierantoni
Spouse:
Countess Valentine Errembault de Dudzeele et d'Orroir
