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Carrie Jacobs Bond was an American composer of popular songs. She achieved prominence as probably the first great American woman composer.
Background
Carrie Bond was born on August 11, 1862, in Janesville, Wisconsin, United States, the only child of Hannibal Cyrus Jacobs and Mary Emogene (Davis) Jacobs, both natives of Vermont. When Hannibal Jacobs, a prosperous dealer in grain and produce, lost his business and died in 1873, Carrie and her mother moved into a Janesville hotel owned by Mrs. Jacobs' father.
Education
Educated in the local Episcopal school, Carrie early displayed musical talent, being able to pick out and harmonize on the piano tunes that she had heard. At nine she could play by ear a recognizable version of Liszt's popular Hungarian Rhapsody no. 2. Between the ages of nine and seventeen, she took piano lessons with local teachers, but never received any training in music theory.
Career
After second marriage Carrie with her family moved to Iron River, a mining town in northern Michigan. These were happy years for Carrie Jacobs Bond, whose creative talent was encouraged by her second husband, but they were ended by Dr. Bond's financial collapse in 1893 and his accidental death early in 1895. Nearly impoverished but faced with the need to support herself and her son, she decided to market her talent. Several months before her husband's death she had traveled to Chicago and there managed to publish two of her songs. Now, after a short stay in Janesville, she moved with her son into a Chicago rooming house. In the decade after 1895 Bond employed every opportunity to popularize her songs. Initially she sold them to a local publisher for royalties, but she quickly came to see that "nothing much could be accomplished till I had created a very real demand for my music. " To create such a demand she began to perform her songs in private parlor recitals and public concerts and even to publish them herself and peddle them to Chicago stores. All the while she cultivated a widening circle of increasingly influential friends who provided her with crucial assistance.
In 1901, aided by a loan from contralto Jessie Bartlett Davis, Bond published a collection, Seven Songs as Unpretentious as the Wild Rose, including "I Love You Truly" and "Just a-Wearyin' for You. " Shortly afterward she set up the Bond Shop as her business headquarters in one of the two rooms she now occupied with her son, who now became her business manager. At about the same time she began to perform outside Chicago. Several friends arranged in her behalf a testimonial concert attended by Illinois governor Richard Yates. On the invitation of the author Elbert Hubbard she went east; another friend arranged a trip to England, where she performed at a parlor recital on the same program with the then relatively unknown Enrico Caruso; the actress Margaret Anglin arranged three recitals in New York City in 1906 and 1907. This phase of Bond's career crested when some of her "kind friends" won her an invitation to sing for President Theodore Roosevelt at the White House.
Despite such successes, her music did not sell well, and by 1906 Bond found herself deeply in debt. This discovery led to a brief period of physical and emotional collapse - she had long considered herself an "invalid" - that was relieved by a substantial investment loan from an old family friend. Bond paid off her debts, moved the Bond Shop to a fashionable location, and incorporated as Carrie Jacobs Bond and Son. At this same time her music caught on for the first time with the piano-owning public. By 1910 she was wealthy enough to travel around the world and to move to Hollywood, California, where she had previously wintered for reasons of health. She also built a mountain retreat, Nestorest, near San Diego.
In 1910 her creative career climaxed with the composition of the song with which her name became chiefly connected, "The End of a Perfect Day. " Employing the image of a beautiful sunset to suggest the parting of "dear friends" at "the end of a journey, " with a hint of death and eventual reunion, this song appeared at what Bond herself called "the psychological moment. " Popularized as were many of her songs by the baritone David Bispham, its fame and resonance were heightened during World War I, when it took on a special poignancy for American soldiers (for whom Bond occasionally sang it at training camps) and their families. By the early 1920's "A Perfect Day" had sold more than five million copies, along with phonograph records and piano rolls.
Carrie Jacobs Bond's very popularity, along with the more cynical ambience of the postwar years, subjected her to a critical scrutiny and even ridicule she had always feared, since "A Perfect Day" was also a perfect vehicle for parody. In her autobiography, The Roads of Melody, published in 1927 after serialization in the Ladies' Home Journal, Bond tried to deal with this ridicule. While she flatly denied rumors that she did not compose her own accompaniments and even that she could not read music at all, she did acknowledge that it was "difficult" for her to write out her own songs and that for most of her career she dictated them to a professional musician. She also acknowledged the "lurking feeling" that she "ought to have done better things" and insisted that hers was "a greater talent than the world knows anything about. " At times she attributed this failure to the fact that economic pressure had forced her to write "little songs that would sell. " At other points she ascribed it to the fact that nobody in provincial Janesville had recognized the need to provide her with technical training in theory.
A final tragedy of her life was the suicide in 1928 of her son. She spent the last decade of her life in semiretirement in California and died at eighty-four of heart failure following a cerebral hemorrhage. She was buried in Forest Lawn Memorial Park, Glendale, where she is honored with a plaque bearing a tribute from Herbert Hoover.
Achievements
Carrie Bond was the first woman to establish a music publishing firm in America. During her life she wrote about 400 songs, of which about 170 got published. "I Love You Truly" and "The End of a Perfect Day" were her biggest success. Besides songs, she also published her autobiography, three children's volumes and a collection of miscellanies, The End of the Road (1940).
On December 25, 1880, in Racine, Wisconsin, she married Edward J. Smith, who worked in a local men's clothing store. One child, Fred Jacobs Smith, was born seven months later on July 23, 1881. The couple separated in 1887 and were divorced the next year. On June 10, 1889, Carrie married a childhood friend, Frank Lewis Bond, a physician considerably older than she.