Background
Civilis Claudius was born in Italy.
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Claudius Civilis
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Civilis Claudius was twice imprisoned on a charge of rebellion, and narrowly escaped execution.
During the disturbances that followed the death of Nero, he took up arms under pretence of siding with Vespasian and induced the inhabitants of his native country to rebel.
The Batavians, who had rendered valuable aid under the early emperors, had been well treated in order to attach them to the cause of Rome.
The Roman garrisons near the Rhine were driven out, and twenty-four ships captured.
Two legions under Mummius Lupercus were defeated at Castra Vetera (near the modern Xanten) and surrounded.
Eight cohorts of Batavian veterans joined their countrymen, and the troops sent by Vespasian to the relief of Vetera threw in their lot with them.
The result of these accessions to the forces of Civilis was a rising in Gaul.
Hordeonius Flaccus was murdered by his troops (70), and the whole of the Roman forces were induced by two commanders of the Gallic auxiliaries-Julius Classicus and Julius Tutor-to revolt from Rome and join Civilis.
The whole of Gaul thus practically declared itself independent, and the foundation of a new kingdom of Gaul was contemplated.
The prophetess Velleda predicted the complete success of Civilis and the fall of the Roman Empire.
Bu't disputes broke out amongst the different tribes and rendered co-operation impossible; Vespasian, having successfully ended the civil war, called upon Civilis to lay down his arms, and on his refusal resolved to take strong measures for the suppression of the revolt.
The arrival of Petillius Cerialis with a strong force awed the Gauls and mutinous troops into submission; Civilis was defeated at Augusta Treverorum (Trier, Treves) and Vetera, and forced to withdraw to the island of the Batavians.
He finally came to an agreement with Cerialis whereby his countrymen obtained certain advantages, and resumed amicable relations with Rome.
