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He was born in Oakland, California, United States, the son of Jennie (Clark) and Edmund Philo Sanford. His father was a descendant of Thomas Sanford, an early emigrant from England whose name appears on a bridge built at Milford, Connecticut, as a memorial to those who founded the town in 1639; his mother was born in Farmington, Connecticut, where five generations had preceded hers.
Young Sanford was trained as a clerk in his father's drug store, the only one in Oakland, and had his early education in the public schools of Oakland. He received the degree of A. B. from the University of California in 1883 and went to Oahu College, Honolulu. In 1885 he entered the Johns Hopkins University as a graduate student in psychology and received the degree of Ph. D. in 1888.
After a year, 1888-89, as instructor in psychology at Johns Hopkins, he went to Clark University. Made assistant professor of psychology in 1892 and professor of experimental and comparative psychology in 1900, he resigned in 1909 to become the second president of Clark College.
In 1920 he left the presidency of Clark College to become professor of psychology and education in Clark University, a position he held at his death. Before the days of Hugo Munsterberg and Edward Bradford Titchener, Sanford ranked easily as one of the best three experimental psychologists in the United States.
In 1902 he was president of the American Psychological Association, but his relative importance diminished rapidly during his years of administrative work as president of Clark College.
On the American Journal of Psychology he served as acting editor, 1888-89; associate editor, 1895-1920, and cooperating editor, 1920-24. During his connection with Clark University, he supervised the writing of twenty-four Ph. D. theses. The seventy-seven titles of his own bibliography include poems, songs, essays, addresses, and humorous speculations as well as scientific articles. The latter are remarkably excellent in quality but few in number. His one book, A Course in Experimental Psychology (2 vols. , 1894 - 98), was first published in six installments in the American Journal of Psychology between April 1891 and April 1896 and concerned itself entirely with the field of sensation, though it comprised only half of what the writer planned eventually to include. As the only laboratory manual in English for a time, it gained wide use in academic circles.
It is possible, that he was overwhelmed by the dominating personality of Stanley Hall, with whom he worked for many years, and that he avoided the basic problems in which Hall delighted.
He became the professor of psychology and the founding director of the psychology laboratory in Clark University, its president. He is best known for his 1887 Writings of Laura Bridgman and for his 1897 textbook, A Course in Experimental Psychology. Besides, he participated in the creation of the American Psychological Association.
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Sanford is described as a man of unfailing courtesy and gentleness, with great poise of personality and an unusual ability to make lasting friendships.
Throughout most of his life, he lacked the necessary vigor and enthusiasm for sustained research on fundamental problems.
On December 28, 1901, he married Florence Bartling, of Oakland, who died December 1, 1922. They had no children.
