History of a Zoological Temperance Convention. Held in Central Africa in 1847
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The Power of Christian Benevolence: Illustrated in the Life and Labors of Mary Lyon
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Report on the Geology of Vermont; Descriptive, Theoretical, Economical, and Scenographical;
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Report of Commissioners Concerning an Agricultural School. January, 1851
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A Sketch of the Geology, Mineralogy and Topography of the Connecticut;
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The highest use of learning: an address delivered at his inauguration to the presidency of Amherst college
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Edward Hitchcock was an American clergyman, geologist and educator. He served as a pastor at Conway, and president and professor at Amherst College.
Background
Edward Hitchcock was born on May 24, 1793 in Deerfield, Massachussets, United States. He was the son of Justin and Mercy (Hoyt) Hitchcock and was born at Deerfield, Massachussets. His ancestry was English: the first of the family, Matthias Hitchcock, came from London to Boston on the bark Susan and Ellen in May 1635 and settled in East Haven, Connecticut, after a short stay in Watertown, Massachussets. Justin, the father of Edward, was fifth in line of descent from Luke Hitchcock, brother of Matthias, who took the freeman's oath in New Haven in July 1644 and afterward settled in Wethersfield. The family was in moderate circumstances and Edward was to a large extent thrown upon his own resources and those of the public school for his education.
Education
From 1815 to 1818 Hitchcock attended Deerfield Academy.
Career
Early developing scholastic tendencies, with a fondness for natural history and mathematics, Hitchcock first attracted more than local notice through his discovery of numerous errors, which he corrected, in Blunt's Nautical Almanac. Between the ages of twenty-two and twenty-six he was principal of the Deerfield Academy, and through the influence of Amos Eaton, then a free-lance lecturer, he became interested in botany and mineralogy. Choosing the ministry for his profession, he entered the theological school at New Haven. Here he was thrown in association with Professor Benjamin Silliman, with whom he formed a lifelong friendship.
From 1821 to 1825 he was settled over the Congregational church in Conway, Massachussets, and in the last-named year was at his own request dismissed on account of poor health and appointed professor of chemistry and natural history in Amherst College. Twenty years later he became president of the college, holding that office for ten years and then resigning to assume a professorship of geology and natural theology. Through Hitchcock's efforts there was established in 1830 a geological survey of the state of Massachusetts, of which he was made the head. The work was continued for three years and was the first of its kind in America to be carried to completion. Its results were published in Report on the Geology, Mineralogy, Botany, and Zoology of Massachusetts (1833).
In 1837 Hitchcock undertook a renewal of the survey under state auspices, bringing the work to completion in 1841. Meanwhile, in 1836 he had been appointed geologist of the first district of the newly organized survey of New York, but he resigned because the duties of the position were too heavy in addition to those he was already carrying. The matter which first brought him into public notice was the discovery made by James Deane and others of enormous birdlike tracks in the red sandstone of the Connecticut Valley. Deane sent these tracks to Hitchcock and thus started a series of investigations in which Hitchcock always remained the dominant figure. The tracks, while strongly resembling those of birds, were after years of study by the highest authorities of the day ascribed to a dinosauric origin.
In 1856, while continuing his connection with the college at Amherst, he assumed the proffered position of state geologist of Vermont, and in 1861 presented his completed Report on the Geology of Vermont in the form of two quarto volumes, with thirty-six full-page plates and a geological map. One of the observations of this survey which excited considerable interest at the time was the flattening and other distortion of quartz pebbles in conglomerates. This phenomenon Hitchcock had first noted in Rhode Island in 1832, but it was not until 1861, and in connection with the Vermont survey, that he was able to establish beyond question the accuracy of his first observation.
He early became interested in the problems of the drift, though he never quite accepted Agassiz's glacial theory. His paper on the river terraces of the Connecticut Valley, Illustrations of Surface Geology (1857), published by the Smithsonian Institution, was for its time a classic. He was a prolific writer on a variety of subjects. He wrote five volumes and thirty-seven pamphlets and tracts on religious themes, the most notable being The Religion of Geology and Its Connected Sciences (1851); three volumes and as many tracts on temperance; fourteen volumes, five tracts, and some seventy-five papers on botanical, mineralogical, geological, and physical subjects, and twenty-seven others, including a tragedy, Emancipation of Europe; or the Downfall of Bonaparte (1815), which during his principalship of the Deerfield Academy was "acted with great success before his neighbors. " His Elementary Geology, published in 1840, passed through thirty editions and was then revised. In 1863 he published Reminiscences of Amherst College.
Achievements
Hitchcock was most prominent in fields of geology and education. He is credited with rescuing Amherst College from the brink of bankruptcy through his skill as a fundraiser. The college erected several new buildings during his tenure: The Octagon (Woods Cabinet and Lawrence Observatory) in 1848; Morgan Library in 1853; and Appleton Cabinet in 1855. In addition to these buildings, the scientific collections grew substantially under President Hitchcock. Thanks to Hitchcock's efforts, the college holds a world-class collection of fossils collected throughout the Connecticut River Valley and elsewhere.
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Religion
Hitchcock was an advocate of gap creationism, and saw God as the agent of change.
Views
Hitchcock explicitly rejected evolution and a religious six-day creation.
Membership
Hitchcock was the first chairman (1840) of the Association of American Geologists and Naturalists which in 1847 became the American Association for the Advancement of Science.
Personality
Hitchcock is pictured as the typical New England clergyman of his day, a trifle stern, dignified, and smoothshaven. His ability is nowhere better shown than in his skilful handling of so delicate a question as that relating to geology and the Scriptures. Since he had nearly ruined both health and eyesight early in his career by overwork, it is remarkable that he did so much and did it so well.
Connections
In 1821 Hitchcock married Orra White of Amherst, an artist of ability who drew many of the illustrations for her husband's works. Six of the children born to them lived to maturity, and two, Edward and Charles Henry, became distinguished in the fields of education and geology respectively.
