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Edward Zane Carroll Judson Sr. was born on March 20, 1823 at Stamford, Delaware County, New York, United States. He was the son of Levi Carroll Judson and the great-grandson of Samuel Judson, a scion of the Fairfield, Connecticut, family, who was one of the founders of Stamford in 1789. His father was a schoolmaster at Bethany, Wayne County, 1826-36; was admitted October 22, 1836, to the Philadelphia bar; and compiled several volumes on patriotic, moral, and Masonic themes.
Edward, while still a youngster, ran away to sea as a cabin boy; became an apprentice in the navy; and, for heroism displayed when a boat capsized in the East River, was rewarded February 10, 1838, with a midshipman's commission. As in strength, activity, and capacity for mischief he was already the equivalent of his weight in wild cats, his nautical career was correspondingly eventful. An account of one escapade he published, over the signature of Ned Buntline, as The Captain's Pig (no copy known), which attracted the attention of Lewis Gaylord Clark and later gained him entrée to the Knickerbocker Magazine.
On June 8, 1842, he resigned from the navy. During the next two years he is supposed to have soldiered in the Seminole War and then to have gone to the Yellowstone region as an employee of a fur company. In spare hours he was writing fiction. At Cincinnati, in 1844, he began Ned Buntline's Magazine but speedily gave it up. With the trustful, altruistic Lucius A. Hine for a partner, he edited six numbers (November 1844 - April 1845) of the Western Literary Journal and Monthly Magazine and then decamped, leaving Hine to pay the bills. At Eddyville, Kentucky, in November, he set out alone in pursuit of three men wanted for murder and captured two of them, thereby securing a bounty of $600. Next, he started a sensation sheet, Ned Buntline's Own, at Nashville, Tennessee.
On March 14, 1846, he shot and fatally wounded Robert Porterfield, with whose wife he was alleged to be carrying on an intrigue. While he was being arraigned in the courthouse, Porterfield's brother opened fire on him. Judson bolted through a window and was pursued, amid a hail of pistol shots, to the third story of the City Hotel, whence he leaped to the ground. He was then jailed. That night a mob hanged him in the square, but some one cut the rope and smuggled him back to the jail, his neck still unbroken.
The grand jury failing to indict him, Judson removed to New York, where he was welcomed by the group of congenial souls that centered around William Trotter Porter of the Spirit of the Times. In New York Judson revived Ned Buntline's Own, taking Marcus Cicero Stanley of the National Police Gazette as his assistant, and made his paper the organ of a rowdy, jingoistic, nativistic patriotism. He was out of the city for a short time during the Mexican War, in which he claimed to have participated. In 1848 he explored a cavern, a half mile in length, extending beneath Eddyville, Kentucky.
Applying native American principles to dramatic criticism, he became a partisan of Edwin Forrest and on the night of the Astor Place riot (May 10, 1849) led the mob that showered the theatre with cobblestones. In September of that year he was convicted of inciting and fomenting the outbreak and was sentenced to a year's imprisonment on Blackwell's Island and to a fine of $250. On his release he was escorted home in a parade and banqueted by various patriotic and political organizations.
He was next heard from in St. Louis, where in the spring of 1852 he was indicted for causing an election riot in which several citizens were slain, two houses burned to the ground, and much other property destroyed. He escaped by jumping his bail. By this time he was one of the chief organizers of the Know-Nothing party, and he is credited with devising the tactics that gave it its name. Unfortunately, because of his criminal record, he was himself unable to run for office.
After the collapse of the Know Nothings, in 1856, he bought some land in the Adirondacks and devoted his leisure to hunting and fishing. Ever since 1846 he had been engaged constantly in writing cheap sensational fiction. Of many of his earlier stories he was his own hero; later he took to exploiting various more or less authentic Westerners. For a time he sported a steam yacht on the Hudson.
On September 25, 1862, he enlisted in the 1th New York Mounted Rifles, became a sergeant of Company K, was reduced to the ranks and transferred to the 22nd Veterans' Reserve Corps, and was finally discharged August 23, 1864, on War Department Special Orders 268, August 12, 1864, his record being thoroughly discreditable.
On his return to New York, he gave out that he had been "Chief of the Indian Scouts with the rank of Colonel, " and as Colonel Judson he was thereafter known. In 1869 he went to Fort McPherson, Nebraska, made the acquaintance of William Frederick Cody, and, conferring on him the name "Buffalo Bill, " began a series of dime novels in which Cody was the ostensibly historic hero. Three years later he persuaded Cody and J. B. Omohundro ("Texas Jack") to come to Chicago and go on the stage as the heroes of his play, The Scouts of the Plains, which was later renamed Scouts of the Prairies. The play opened in Chicago December 16, 1872, reached Niblo's Garden, New York, via St. Louis March 31, 1873, and was a huge success. Cody was dissatisfied, however, with $6, 000 as his share of the season's profits, and broke with his exploiter. Thereafter Prentiss Ingraham was Cody's authorized biographer, and Judson took up other subjects.
In 1871 he returned to Stamford, New York, built a comfortable house, and lived there, a busy, respected citizen, until his death. During his last years he suffered from the numerous wounds received in campaigns and gun scrapes, from several unextracted bullets, sciatica, and heart trouble, he wrote steadily until his death. He died at his home and was buried at Stamford.
Edward Zane Carroll Judson Sr. was in fact the first of the dime novelists, having invented the technique and brought it to perfection some twelve years before the firm of Beadle & Adams, with their editor Orville J. Victor, popularized the form. Besides, he produced a great variety of tales of adventure - 400 in all. Typical Ned Buntline Stories were: The Mysteries and Miseries of New York (1848); The Bhoys of New York (1848); Navigator Ned; Cruisings Afloat and Ashore from the Log of Ned Buntline (1860).
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He was an ardent Republican until the election of 1884, when he refused to support James G. Blaine.
Judson was personally cheerful, even genial, lived affluently and was generous to needy friends. His personal popularity was very great although he was a heavy drinker.
Edward was married four times: in 1845 to a Southern woman, "Seberina, " who died at Clarksville, Tennessee, a few weeks before the killing of Porterfield; in the winter of 1848-49 to Annie Bennett of New York, who divorced him in 1849 and secured the custody of their child; about 1857 to Marie Gardiner, who had been his housekeeper in the Adirondacks and who died shortly after; and in 1871 to Anna Fuller of Stamford, New York, who bore him two children, survived him, and married his journalistic partner, E. Locke Mason.
