Background
NICHOLAS, elder was born on May 18, 1868.
NICHOLAS, elder was born on May 18, 1868.
Privately tutored.
1894 married Princess Alice of Hessen, who took the name Aleksandra Fyodorovna. Had four daughters (Ol’ga, Tat'yana, Mariya and Anastasiya) and one son Aleksey, the heir to the throne (1904—1918). 2i October 1894 acceded to the throne.
Ruled in a period of mounting revol unrest. During Nicholas' rule Russia suffered the humiliation of military defeat in the 1904-1905 Russo-Japanese War. 17 October 1905, during 1st Russian Revol, issued Manifesto announcing the formation of a legislative Duma and the granting of democratic liberties.
1914 Russia, in alliance with the Anglo-French coalition, began war against Germany. August 1915 assumed the duty of supreme commander in chief of the army. March 1917, in an effort to avert revol and save the monarchy by a change of tsar, Russia’s leading democratic parties proposed to the tsar that he abdicate.
15 March 1917 abdicated in favor of his brother Mikhail, who declined to accept the throne. 21 March 1917 arrested and detained at Tsarskoye Selo, then sent to Tobol’sk and hence to Yekaterinburg (now Sverdlovsk), where on the night of 16/17 July 1918 he and his family were shot on orders from the Ural Oblast Soviet.