Background
Dühring was born in Berlin, Prussia (now Germany) on the 12th of January 1833.
(This is a reproduction of a book published before 1923. T...)
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(Excerpt from Neue Grundmittel und Erfindungen zur Analysi...)
Excerpt from Neue Grundmittel und Erfindungen zur Analysis, Algebra, Functionsrechnung und Zugehörigen Geometrie: Sowie Principien zur Mathematischen Reform Nebst Einer Anleitung zum Studiren und Lehren der Mathematik Der Keim zu meiner neuen Imaginärtheorie ist schon im mechanischen Werk in der dort gegebenen Studienanleitung auf deutlich erkennbare Weise, nämlich unter Angabe des Kreis und Hyperbelschema, vorgelegt. Der Gedanke eines Imaginativen im Unterschiede vom Imaginären gehört aber erst der ausgewach senen Theorie des vorliegenden Werks an. Die Lehre vom Un endlichen hat auch allgemeine Ausgangspunkte, die in meinen Schriften mehr als zwei Jahrzehnte zurückreichen. Sie steht nicht minder, wie die Imaginä.rtheorie, allem Bisherigen entgegen, indem sie nicht nur mit dem gröbern Aberglauben bricht, sondern auch die feiner schattirten Irrgänge durch klare und durchgreifende Begriffe und Methoden ersetzt. Auch in Beziehung auf meine eignen früheren Verö?'entlichungen, also in jeder Beziehung neu ist meine Werthigkeitsrechnung und was sich aus der Algebra, und zwar nicht blos im gewöhnlichen Sinne dieses Worts, sondern auch aus der Functionsalgebra weiter anschliesst. Die Werthig keitsrechnung ist ein neues Grundmittel, wie die Di?'erentialrech nung zu ihrer Zeit eines war. Sie kommt aber nicht erst blos als Keim zur Welt, wie dies mit der Fermatschen Methode für Maxima und Minima der Fall war, die dann erst spater zu einem systematischen Algorithmus gemacht wurde; sie bietet sich viel mehr als vollständige, mit Regeln versehene und in Anwendungen verzweigte Rechnungsart dar. Freilich steckt unser Gebrauch nicht ihre Grenzen ab; denn wäre dem anders, so würde sie nicht das unbeschrankt weitertragende Mittel sein, welches wir in ihr sehen. Das vorliegende Werk ist in jeder Beziehung, d. H. In sach licher und formeller, die Arbeit Zweier, die Verantwortlichkeit aber solidarisch. In dem von mir allein geschriebenen Schlusse des Buchs, welcher überhaupt zum Titel und Gesammtgehalt einige Erläuterungen liefert, ist soweit thunlich und von Interesse, auch gelegentlich Einiges hervorgehoben, was an neuen Theorienausschliesslich oder vorzugsweise dem Mitverfasser angehort. Dinge, wie die Schöpfung einer wirklichen Theorie der Glei chungen zusammengesetzter Grade, also eine Hinausführung der Gleichungslehre über den Standpunkt, auf welchem sie Abel und Galois vor einem halben Jahrhundert gelassen haben sind auch schon äusserlich charakteristisch genug. Principiell aber ent scheidender ist die Herstellung_von Ausgangspunkten einer neuen Wissenschaft der Functionsanalysis, d. H. Von neuen Methoden und Sätzen, durch welche die Natur aller denkbaren Functionen und zugehörigen Geichungsumkehrbarkeiten vom Mitverfasser festgestellt worden. Wer übrigens nach Durcharbeitung unseres Buchs bezüglich der charakteristischen Punkte noch naher unter scheiden und, was die Hauptsache ist, sich sachlich über die ein zelnen Neuheiten bestimmter orientiren will, kann dies thun, in dem er das im Schluss Angegebene unter Aufsuchung entspre ebender und ergänzmder Positionen des Inhaltsverzeichnisses ein gehender würdigt. About the Publisher Forgotten Books publishes hundreds of thousands of rare and classic books. Find more at www.forgottenbooks.com This book is a reproduction of an important historical work. Forgotten Books uses state-of-the-art technology to digitally reconstruct the work, preserving the original format whilst repairing imperfections present in the aged copy. In rare cases, an imperfection in the original, such as a blemish or missing page, may be replicated in our edition. We do, however, repair the vast majority of imperfections successfully; any imperfections that remain are intentionally left to preserve the state of such historical works.
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(Eugen Dühring (1833-1921) was one of the most significant...)
Eugen Dühring (1833-1921) was one of the most significant of the early socialist theoreticians, economists, and positivist philosophers who opposed the hijacking of original socialist thought by what Dühring called "Jewish agitators and intriguers" such as Ferdinand Lassalle and Karl Marx. Dühring's treatise on the Jews was the first major work to identify the Jewish Question not as a religious and cultural problem but, rather, as one based on the inherent and unchangeable character of the Jewish people. One important feature of Dühring's anti-Semitism is his clear distinction between the Jews and other Semites, and his consideration of the former as "the most vicious minting of the entire Semitic race." The Jewish religion, Dühring said, has no truly religious character but, instead, a markedly economic-political one which aims to dominate and exploit non-Jews. Indeed, the Jewish god Jehovah is nothing but an embodiment of the Jewish self-interest and represents the opposite of the Indo-European natural pantheon. Dühring was also firmly against the Marxist doctrine of class-warfare since he considered this to be a subversive strategy that furthered the opposition between the powerful warrior nobilities of the past and powerless social groups - to the advantage of the Jews. As a solution to the Jewish problem Dühring demanded the complete expulsion of Jews from western society. Dühring's radical realist and anti-religious worldview thus served as the philosophical backdrop to the emergence of Hitlerian anti-Semitism and marked a turning point in world history.
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Dühring was born in Berlin, Prussia (now Germany) on the 12th of January 1833.
Dühring got the legal education.
After his studies, Eugen Karl Dühring practised at Berlin as a lawyer till 1859. A weakness of the eyes, ending in total blindness, occasioned his taking up the studies with which his name is now connected. In 1864 he became docent of the university of Berlin, but, in consequence of a quarrel with the professoriate, was deprived of his licence to teach in 1874.
Among his works are Kapital und Arbeit (1865); Der Wert des Lebens (1865); Natürliche Dialektik (1865); Kritische Geschichte der Philosophie (1869); Kritische Geschichte der allgemeinen Principien der Mechanik (1872) one of his most successful works; Kursus der National- und Sozialökonomie (1873); Kursus der Philosophie (1875), entitled in a later edition Wirklichkeitsphilosophie; Logik und Wissenschaftstheorie (1878); Der Ersatz der Religion durch Vollkommeneres (1883).
He published his autobiography in 1882 under the title Sache, Leben und Feinde; the mention of “Feinde” (enemies) is characteristic. Dühring's philosophy claims to be emphatically the philosophy of reality. He is passionate in his denunciation of everything which, like mysticism, tries to veil reality. He is almost Lucretian in his anger against religion which would withdraw the secret of the universe from our direct gaze. His “substitute for religion” is a doctrine in many points akin to Comte and Feuerbach, the former of whom he resembles in his sentimentalism. Dühring's opinions changed considerably after his first appearance as a writer. His earlier work, Naturliche Dialektik, in form and matter not the worst of his writings, is entirely in the spirit of the Critical Philosophy.
Later, in his movement towards Positivism, he strongly repudiates Kant's separation of phenomenon from noumenon, and affirms that our intellect is capable of grasping the whole reality. This adequacy of thought to things is due to the fact that the universe contains but one reality, i. e. matter. It is to matter that we must look for the explanation both of conscious and of physical states. But matter is not, in his system, to be understood with the common meaning, but with a deeper sense as the substratum of all conscious and physical existence; and thus the laws of being are identified with the laws of thought. In this materialistic or quasi-materialistic system Dühring finds room for teleology; the end of Nature, he holds, is the production of a race of conscious beings. From his belief in teleology he is not deterred by the enigma of pain; he is a determined optimist. Pain exists to throw pleasure into conscious relief. In ethics Dühring follows Comte in making sympathy the foundation of morality. In political philosophy he teaches an ethical communism, and attacks the Darwinian principle of struggle for existence. It economics he is best known by his vindication of the American writer H. C. Carey, who attracts him both by his theory of value, which suggests an ultimate harmony of the interests of capitalist and labourer, and also by his doctrine of “national” political economy, which advocates protection on the ground that the morals and culture of a people are promoted by having its whole system of industry complete within its own borders. His patriotism is fervent, but narrow and exclusive. He idolized Frederick the Great, and denounced Jews, Greeks, and the cosmopolitan Goethe. Dühring's clear, incisive writing is disfigured by arrogance and ill-temper, failings which may be extenuated on the ground of his physical affliction.
(Excerpt from Neue Grundmittel und Erfindungen zur Analysi...)
(Eugen Dühring (1833-1921) was one of the most significant...)
(This is a reproduction of a book published before 1923. T...)
Duhring maintained that the laws of thought and of being are fundamentally coincident, philosophy’s task being to provide a thoroughgoing knowledge of reality. Although sharing positivist hostility to metaphysics and religion, Duhring rejected positivism’s attempts to reduce matter and cause to patterns in experience. In ethics he held that morality rests on an instinctive sympathy between people, and this led him to oppose Marxist claims about class conflict.
His economic writings, influenced by the American, Henry Carey, defended a reformed capitalism in which workers’ interests would be protected by powerful trade unions, and in which national economies could flourish behind high tariffs. In the 1870s, Duhring was briefly regarded as a leading socialdemocratic theorist. But his influence quickly waned, and although the Nazis, attracted by his anti-Semitism, took some interest in his writings, he is now remembered principally as no more than the object of Engels’s attack in Anti-Duhring.
Sources: Encyclopaedia Britannica.