Background
Fernando Álvarez de Toledo was born of a noted family on October 29, 1507 in Piedrahíta, Ávila, Spain.
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Fernando Álvarez de Toledo was born of a noted family on October 29, 1507 in Piedrahíta, Ávila, Spain.
His education and early career of distinction were achieved under the Emperor Charles V, who appointed him commander in chief of Spain's army in Italy.
After Charles's abdication in 1556, Alva continued in command under Philip II and won an easy victory over French and papal forces. In the Spanish council of state, Alva was a constant advocate of a policy of force in the Netherlands. An ardent Catholic, he was opposed to heresy in any form. Ultimately in 1567, he was sent at the head of ten thousand troops to suppress Protestantism in the Netherlands, where the use of summary courts martial for political offenders, execution of all suspected of heretical opinions, and substitution of absolutism for self-government combined with military victories to give him apparent control of both Catholic and Protestant provinces. The most prominent victims of his "Council of Blood" were the Catholic counts Egmont and Horn. The inability of Philip II to furnish adequate financial support and Alva's own failure to obtain local funds were in part responsible for the sacking of cities by his unpaid troops. The desperate resistance of the Dutch was slowly being overcome, and it is conceivable that Alva might have succeeded, but Philip's decision to adopt a milder policy and Alva's ill health led to his recall in 1573. Jealousy forced Alva into private life, from which he was recalled momentarily to lead a victorious army into Portugal, 1580-1581. His success was unrewarded, and his last years were spent in retirement. He died in Tomar, Portugal, Dec. 11, 1582.
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(This book was digitized and reprinted from the collection...)
(This scarce antiquarian book is a facsimile reprint of th...)
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An ardent Catholic, he was opposed to heresy in any form.
