Background
Fernando Cardoso was born on June 18, 1931, in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
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( At the end of World War II, several Latin American coun...)
At the end of World War II, several Latin American countries seemed to be ready for industrialization and self-sustaining economic growth. Instead, they found that they had exchanged old forms of political and economic dependence for a new kind of dependency on the international capitalism of multinational corporations. In the much-acclaimed original Spanish edition (Dependencia y Desarrollo en América Latina) and now in the expanded and revised English version, Cardoso and Faletto offer a sophisticated analysis of the economic development of Latin America. The economic dependency of Latin America stems not merely from the domination of the world market over internal national and ?enclave economies, but also from the much more complex interact ion of economic drives, political structures, social movements, and historically conditioned alliances. While heeding the unique histories of individual nations, the authors discern four general stages in Latin America's economic development: the early outward expansion of newly independent nations, the political emergence of the middle sector, the formation of internal markets in response to population growth, and the new dependence on international markets. In a postscript for this edition, Cardoso and Faletto examine the political, social and economic changes of the past ten years in light of their original hypotheses.
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( Fernando Henrique Cardoso received a phone call in the ...)
Fernando Henrique Cardoso received a phone call in the middle of the night asking him to be the new Finance Minister of Brazil. As he put the phone down and stared into the darkness of his hotel room, he feared he'd been handed a political death sentence. The year was 1993, and he would be responsible for an economy that had had seven different currencies in the previous eight years to cope with inflation that had run at 3000 percent a year. Brazil had a habit of chewing up finance ministers with the ferocity of an Amazon piranha. This was just one of the turns in a largely unscripted and sometimes unwanted political career. In exile during the harshest period of the junta that ruled Brazil for twenty years, Cardoso started his political life with a tentative run for the Federal Senate in 1978. Within fifteen years, and despite himself, this former sociologist was running the country. And what a country! Brazil, it is often said, is on the edge of modernity, striding with one foot in mid-air towards the future, the other still rooted deep in a traditional past. It is a land of sophisticated music and brutal gold-digging, of the next global superpower and the last old-time coffee plantations. It is gloriously ungovernable, irrepressibly attractive, and home to the family, friends and extraordinary life of Fernando Henrique Cardoso. This is his story and his love song to his country.
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politician professor sociologist
Fernando Cardoso was born on June 18, 1931, in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
Cardoso studied sociology at the University of São Paulo. In 1952, he earned a bachelor's degree in Social Sciences from Universidade de São Paulo, from where he also earned a Master's and a Doctorate in Sociology.
Next year he worked as Assistant Professor at the Chair of General economic history with Brazil, at the Faculty of Economics and administrative of São Paulo. He took a postgraduate course at the Department of Industrial sociology at the University of Paris between 1962 and 1963, year in which returned to Brazil to continue as Professor of sociology and direct the Centre of Industrial sociology and labour (CESIT), where he served until 1964.
When started the military regime that ruled Brazil from 1964 to 1985, went into exile in Santiago of Chile (1964-1968), Argentina, United States and France. The first city he worked as a civil servant of the CEPAL, dependent of the United Nations, where he was Professor of sociology and Co-Director of the Social Division of the Instituto Latinoamericano de economic and Social Planning (ILPES), between 1964 and 1967
He also gave classes at the Latin American College of social sciences (FLACSO) of Santiago (1965-1966), in the University of Chile (1966-1967) and ILPES in Buenos Aires (1965) and Mexico (1966). He then moved to France, where he was Professor of the University of Paris-Nanterre sociological theory between 1967 and 1968. Last year he returned to São Paulo to take charge again of the Department of sociology. In 1969 he founded the Brazilian Center for analysis and planning (CEBRAP). At the end of the sixties, he was hired by the ILO to teach courses in Sociology of Latin America in Mexico and Geneva and the next decade was Professor at the universities of Stanford (1972), Cambridge (1976-1977), Paris (1977) and Berkeley (1981) and the Ecole des Hautes Etudes in social sciences in Paris (1980-1981).
In 1980 he founded the party of the Brazilian democratic movement (PMDB), and three years later agreed to a seat in the Senate. In 1985 was leader of the Government in Congress, record that renewed for eight years more. In 1988, some members of the PMDB, among them, broke away to form his own political formation, the Brazilian Democrat Social Party (PSDB), whose leadership took over in the Senate.
He has participated in various forums and international meetings, always from his concern about American topics. In 1992 took over the portfolio of Foreign Affairs with the President Color de Mello, since it returned to occupy with Itamar Franco. The main objective of its foreign policy was intensifying ties with Latin American countries and reinforce trade relations of Mercosur. In 1993 he assumed the Secretariat Pro tempore of the Ibero-American Summit III e tried to get the approval of the Treaty free trade agreement (NAFTA) between Mexico, the United States and Canada; In addition, that year was appointed Finance Minister to launch an economic plan designed to curb the country's inflation and renegotiate the foreign debt, the programme for immediate action (PAI). This was followed by a second plan for economic stabilization, which included the creation of a Social Emergency Fund.
He refused to present his candidacy for the Presidency until 1994, when he was quite supported politically and returned to his seat of Senator; He signed an alliance between his party, the PSDB, and the conservative Liberal front party (PFL) and formations Brazilian Labor Party (PTB). But several political scandals and corruption charges halted the meteoric rise of their Alliance. Nonetheless, Fernando Henrique Cardoso won the presidential election in 1994 and the following year took possession of the position. In 1998 he returned to impose - after having previously amended the Constitution, since there was no re-election-figure, which made him the first President re-elected in the history of the Republic of Brazil.
On January 1, 2003, he gave the witness presidential to Lula da Silva, leader of the workers ' Party and brand new winner of the presidential elections of October 2002.
After stepping down from office, he assumed a position as a senior leader of his party and leading public voice in the opposition to the incumbent Workers' Party, writing extensively on Brazilian politics for newspapers and giving lectures and interviews.
In 2006, he helped the campaign of the PSDB candidate for the Presidency, Geraldo Alckmin, and has reiterated that he does not wish to run for office again. He lectures at Brown University about Brazilian economic policy, urban development, and deforestation and has taught as a guest lecturer at Sciences Po in Paris.
Also, in 2007 he became a member of the editorial board of the Latin American policy publication Americas Quarterly, for which he is an occasional contributor.
Since leaving the Brazilian presidency, Cardoso has been involved in a number of international organisations and initiatives. He is a member of the Club of Madrid and was its president from 2003 to 2006. He has been a member of the Fondation Chirac's honour committee, ever since the Foundation was launched in 2008 by former French president Jacques Chirac to promote world peace. Cardoso is a founding member of Washington D. C. -based think tank The Inter-American Dialogue as well as former chair of the organization's board. He is also a former director of World Resources Institute.
Cardoso is also a member of The Elders, a group of independent global leaders who work together on peace and human rights issues.
In August 2009, he travelled to Israel and the West Bank as the head of an Elders delegation.
In 2013 he became a member of the Brazilian Academy of Letters.
( At the end of World War II, several Latin American coun...)
( Fernando Henrique Cardoso received a phone call in the ...)
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Quotations:
"Let us continue to strive together for a more inclusive, democratic, and peaceful future for us all. "
"It is impossible to build enduring institutions without solid values. For us, the fundamental value is that associated with democracy. "
"I am not proposing to replace war with peace. I propose to replace war with a smarter fight. A fight using other instruments, more intelligent instruments to convince people not to use drugs. "
From March 15, 1983 to October 5, 1992 Fernando Cardoso was a member of the Federal Senate from São Paulo.
He was a member of the Club of Madrid and was its president from 2003 to 2006.
Also, in 2007 Cardoso became a member of the editorial board of the Latin American policy publication Americas Quarterly, for which he is an occasional contributor.
Fernando Cardoso is a member of the Institute for Advanced Study (Princeton), an honorary foreign member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences.
Cardoso is a founding member of the University of Southern California Center on Public Diplomacy's Advisory Board.
Cardoso is also a member of The Elders, a group of independent global leaders who work together on peace and human rights issues.
In June 2013 he was elected as a member of Academia Brasileira de Letras.
In 1953 Fernando Cardoso married Ruth Cardoso, with whom he had three children, but in 2008 his wife died of cardiac arrest. In 2014 he married Patrícia Kundrát.