Background
Francisco Vazquez Coronado was born in 1510 in Salamanca, Spain. There his ancestors were Señores de Coquilla y de la Torre de Juan Vázquez.
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(TRANSLATION OF A LETTER FROM CORONADO TO THE KING, OCTOBE...)
TRANSLATION OF A LETTER FROM CORONADO TO THE KING, OCTOBER 20, 1541: Coronado gives an official report of his expedition to Quivira present day central Kansas.
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(Francisco Vazquez de Coronado was born to an affluent fam...)
Francisco Vazquez de Coronado was born to an affluent family in Salamanca Spain in 1510. Coronado is most famous for his expedition to find the Seven Cities of Gold, starting in 1540. He explored much of the present-day Southwest United States and Northern Mexico.
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Francisco Vazquez Coronado was born in 1510 in Salamanca, Spain. There his ancestors were Señores de Coquilla y de la Torre de Juan Vázquez.
He came to Mexico in 1535 in the retinue of Antonio de Mendoza, first viceroy of New Spain.
He took part in suppressing a negro uprising in the mines of Amatepeque, and in 1538 he became governor of Nueva Galicia. In the same year he assisted Fray Marcos de Nizza with an outfit for his northern explorations, and escorted him as far as Culiacán. As governor he did much to improve his capital city of Guadalajara.
When Fray Marcos returned from the Zuñi pueblos in New Mexico, Coronado accompanied him to Mexico City and was appointed commander of an expedition organized to follow up the friar's explorations. To cooperate with Coronado, Hernando de Alarcón, was sent with two vessels up the Gulf of California. Viceroy Mendoza went in person to the rendezvous at Compostela on the western coast to review the forces. Coronado's following consisted of some two hundred Spaniards on horseback, seventy foot-soldiers, and nearly one thousand Indian allies and servants. So eager were the volunteers that it was feared that the country would be depopulated. The expedition was equipped at royal expense with a thousand horses, mules for pack-trains, cannons, and droves of cattle, sheep, goats, and swine for food.
The start was made on February 25, 1540. As far as Culiacán the way was well known. From there Coronado went ahead with about a hundred picked men and four friars. Following behind, the main army moved up to Corazones in the Yaqui River valley, where the Spanish town of San Gerónimo was founded and left in charge of Melchior Díaz. In July Coronado reached the Zuñi pueblos, which he conquered with little difficulty. But the country was disappointing, and the expedition resulted chiefly in explorations. These, however, were of great importance. Alarcón ascended the Colorado River, passing the mouth of the Gila. Melchior Díaz went by land from San Gerónimo to the Colorado to communicate with Alarcón, but failed and lost his life.
During the journey, however, he crossed the Colorado and went some distance down the Peninsula of California. Hearing of the Moqui pueblos to the north of Zuñi, in July Coronado sent Pedro del Tovar to find them which the latter succeeded in doing. Shortly afterward Garcia Lopez de Cardenas went further northwest and discovered the Grand Canyon of the Colorado. Moving to the Rio Grande, Coronado visited the pueblos in its valley and camped at Tiguex, above Isleta. In the course of the winter the Indians revolted and were put down with great severity. Meanwhile Coronado heard of a rich country to the northeastward called Gran Quivira, and in April 1541, he set out to find it. Crossing the mountains and descending the Pecos River, he marched out into the limitless buffalo-covered plains, the "Llanos del Cíbola, " inhabited by roving tribes. Near the upper Brazos River he turned north, crossed the Texas Panhandle and Oklahoma, and reached Quivira in eastern Kansas. It was probably a settlement of Wichita Indians. Disappointed, he then returned to Mexico. Three fearless missionaries remained behind to preach the Gospel, and soon achieved the crown of martyrdom. Coronado had made one of the epochal explorations of all history but to Viceroy Mendoza he was a disappointing figure. Although he returned to his governorship of Nueva Galicia, his rule there was marked by numerous acts of cruelty to the natives which led to an investigation, conducted by Lorenzo de Tejada, in 1544. Coronado was found guilty of crimes and negligence, was removed from the governorship, and was fined 600 gold pesos.
He then went back to Mexico City, where he spent the remainder of his days as a regidor in the municipal administration.
His last public appearance was on January 26, 1554 and he died sometime before November 12, 1554.
(TRANSLATION OF A LETTER FROM CORONADO TO THE KING, OCTOBE...)
( This work has been selected by scholars as being cultur...)
(Francisco Vazquez de Coronado was born to an affluent fam...)
He married Beatriz de Estrada, "the Saint, " daughter of Alonso de Estrada, former treasurer of New Spain.
