(Scientific facts can be so complicated that only speciali...)
Scientific facts can be so complicated that only specialists in a field fully appreciate the details, but the nature of everyday practice that gives rise to these facts should be understandable by everyone interested in science. This book describes how scientists bring their own interests and passions to their work, illustrates the dynamics between researchers and the research community, and emphasizes a contextual understanding of science in place of the linear model found in textbooks with its singular focus on "scientific method." Everyday Practice of Science also introduces readers to issues about science and society. Practice requires value judgments: What should be done? Who should do it? Who should pay for it? How much? Balancing scientific opportunities with societal needs depends on appreciating both the promises and the ambiguities of science. Understanding practice informs discussions about how to manage research integrity, conflict of interest, and the challenge of modern genetics to human research ethics. Society cannot have the benefits of research without the risks. The last chapter contrasts the practices of science and religion as reflective of two different types of faith and describes a holistic framework within which they dynamically interact.
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( THE SCIENTIFIC ATTITUDE presents a systematic account o...)
THE SCIENTIFIC ATTITUDE presents a systematic account of the cognitive and social features of science. Written by an experimental biologist actively engaged in research, the work is unique in its attempt to understand science in terms of day-to-day practice. The book goes beyond the traditional description of science that focuses on method and logic to characterize the scientific attitude as a way of looking at the world. Professor Grinnell uses examples from biomedical research to describe science at three interdependent levels. At the first level, the individual scientist makes observations, formulates hypotheses, and does experiments. The scientist's thought style determines what can be seen and what it will appear to mean. At the second level, scientists participate in social institutions such as graduate programs, research groups, journal editorial boards, and grant review panels. Each of these institutions tries to promote its own distinctive collective thought style. Finally, at the third level, scientists participate in the world of everyday life beyond science, a world that continuously influences and is influenced by the activities and discoveries of science.
https://www.amazon.com/Scientific-Attitude-Second-Conduct-Science/dp/089862018X?SubscriptionId=AKIAJRRWTH346WSPOAFQ&tag=prabook-20&linkCode=sp1&camp=2025&creative=165953&creativeASIN=089862018X
engineer Industrialist inventor
Frederick Grinnell was born in New Bedford, Massachusetts, United States on August 14, 1836, the son of Lawrence and Rebecca Smith (Williams) Grinnell. Both his parents were of colonial stock, his father being a descendant of Huguenot ancestors through Matthew Grinnell who came to America at some time prior to 1638 and settled near Newport, Rhod Island.
Grinnell’s elementary education was obtained at the Friends’ School in New Bedford, and at the age of sixteen he entered Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York, where he completed the four-year course in three years, graduating as a civil and mechanical engineer in 1855 at the head of a class of sixty.
In the fall of 1855, when he was nineteen, he entered the Jersey City Locomotive Works as a draftsman. Three years later he became an assistant engineer of construction on the Burlington & Missouri River Railroad, now part of the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy system. Upon the completion of this road, in about a year, he returned to the locomotive works where he remained until 1860, when he became treasurer and superintendent of the Corliss Steam Engine Works at Providence, Rhod Island. He continued with this company throughout the Civil War, working especially on the installation of steam engines designed by G. H. Corliss for war vessels, but in 1865 returned to the Jersey City Locomotive Works as general manager.
This manufactory was under lease by the Atlantic & Great Western Railroad, and during his association with it (1865-69) Grinnell, as superintendent of motive power and machinery, designed and built over a hundred locomotives. In 1869 he purchased a controlling interest in the Providence Steam & Gas Pipe Company, which had been in existence for some twenty years and was engaged largely in the manufacture of fire-extinguishing apparatus and the installation thereof in manufacturing establishments, particularly textile mills. Fire-extinguishing apparatus at that time consisted, in the main, of perforated pipe installed along the ceilings of factory rooms and connected with a water-supply system manually operated. Many attempts had been made to devise automatic sprinklers to be used in the water-pipe lines in factories, and in 1874 Henry S. Parmelee of New Haven patented such a device, which through a licensing agreement the Providence Steam & Gas Pipe Company undertook to manufacture. Grinnell with great energy worked thereafter to improve the Parmelee invention and in 1881 patented the automatic sprinkler which today (1931) bears his name. Besides attending to the business of introducing the sprinkler throughout the world, Grinnell devoted much time to its improvement and between 1882 and 1888 perfected four types of metal-disc sprinklers and in 1890 invented the glass-disc sprinkler which was essentially the same as that in use today. He secured some forty distinct patents for improvements on his sprinklers and besides invented a dry pipe valve and automatic fire-alarm system. In 1893 he brought about the combination of a number of the more important competing sprinkler manufacturers and organized the General Fire Extinguisher Company, with offices and plants in Providence, Rhode Island, Warren, Ohio, and Charlotte, North Carolina. This company, under his active leadership, became the foremost organization in its field of manufacture. Grinnell retained the management of the whole business until his retirement shortly before his death. He was in addition director of banks in New Bedford and Providence and of several textile manufactories.
(Scientific facts can be so complicated that only speciali...)
( THE SCIENTIFIC ATTITUDE presents a systematic account o...)
He was a member of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers and of a number of yachting clubs.
In October 1865 he was married to Alice Brayton Almy of New Bedford, who died in 1871 leaving two daughters. Three years later, 1874, he married Mary Brayton Page of Boston, who with their five children and the two daughters of his first wife survived him at the time of his death in New Bedford.
