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Harvey's Views on the use of the Circulation of the Blood; Based on a Lecture Delivered in 1907, Before the Johns Hopkins Hospital Historical Club at Baltimore
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As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Physiology: The Vital Processes in Health (Classic Reprint)
(Excerpt from Physiology: The Vital Processes in Health
A...)
Excerpt from Physiology: The Vital Processes in Health
Alimentary canal: consisting of mouth, oesophagus, stomach, small intestine and large intestine; liver; pancreas.
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Frederic Schiller Lee was an American physiologist. He spent most of his research career at Columbia University's College of Physicians and Surgeons.
Background
Frederic Schiller Lee was born in Canton, New York, the third son and fourth of six children of the Rev. John Stebbins and Elmina (Bennett) Lee, both of New England colonial descent. His father, a Universalist minister, was president of St. Lawrence University at Canton.
Education
Lee received the degrees of A. B. (1878) and A. M. (1881) from St. Lawrence. He then went on to graduate study in biology at the Johns Hopkins University. Working under the direction of the physiologist Henry Newell Martin, he completed a doctoral dissertation on the subject of arterial tonicity and received the Ph. D. degree in 1885.
Career
From 1878 to 1881 Lee taught school to help eke out the family's meager income. After finishing his Ph. D. , Lee traveled to Germany to work in the laboratory of distinguished physiology researcher Carl Ludwig in Leipzig for a year. On returning to the United States, Lee served first as instructor in biology at St. Lawrence University, then as instructor and associate in physiology and histology at Bryn Mawr College.
In 1891, on the invitation of John G. Curtis, he joined the department of physiology at the College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University. Here he spent the rest of his academic life, holding successively appointments as demonstrator (1891 - 1895), adjunct professor (1895 - 1904), and professor (1904 - 1938). At the time Lee came to Columbia only Johns Hopkins and Harvard among American universities offered laboratory instruction in physiology. He soon started a practical laboratory course at Columbia, however, using apparatus purchased in Leipzig. Like his teacher Newell Martin, Lee regarded physiology as a science with wider implications than those represented by its relation to medicine. Thus he offered a course in general physiology in 1894-1895, and the Columbia catalogue of 1897-1898 noted that the university provided a research room at the Marine Biological Laboratory at Woods Hole, Massachussets, where "marine forms may be studied. "
His early papers on the function of the inner ear with reference to the equilibrium of the body are well known. Other studies have contributed to knowledge of phototactic responses, electrical changes associated with muscular contraction, the phenomenon of rigor mortis, and the excitability of skeletal muscle. His interest in the special problem of fatigue in isolated muscle led to studies of the general problem of fatigue and its practical bearings upon industrial occupations, and it is for this work, on which he became a recognized authority, that he is best known.
The United States Public Health Service, of which he was at first consulting physiologist (1917 - 1919) and later senior physiologist (1919 - 1924), sent him on a special mission to investigate conditions in European munitions factories in 1918. As a result of his industrial studies Lee became an advocate of the eight-hour working day, not only as beneficial to the employee but as conducive to more and better work. A later interest in the effect of light and other atmospheric conditions on the human body led him to become a director of the Desert Sanatorium at Tucson, Ariz. Lee was the recipient of many honors. He was president of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine (1908 - 1910) and of the Harvey Society (1912 - 1914). He took an active part in the American Physiological Society from its beginning, serving as secretary-treasurer (1895 - 1903) and president (1917 - 1919) and in 1920 as a delegate to the Inter-Allied Congress of Physiologists in Paris.
A lifelong love of nature led him to become associated with the New York Botanical Garden, of which he was for twenty-four years (1903 - 1927) a member of the board of managers and president, 1923-1927. As president he shifted the Garden's emphasis from systematic to experimental botany, promoting work in plant pathology, breeding experiments, and studies of soil micro-organisms and of air pollution by automobile fumes. In addition, he conducted a fund-raising drive that doubled the Garden's endowment. Lee was courteous and considerate in manner, normally somewhat reserved except among intimate friends. After an illness of several years, Lee died of pneumonia in the Waverly (S. C. ) Sanatorium. He was buried at Woodstock, Vermont, where for a long time he had made his summer home.
Achievements
Lee was best known for his studies of the physiology of worker fatigue. He was instrumental in opening courses in the department of physiology, previously confined to medical students, to graduate students in other scientific fields, later a general policy in American universities. Throughout his scientific life Lee was an active contributor to the literature of experimental physiology.
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Connections
On June 5, 1901, Lee married Laura Billings, daughter of Frederick Billings, president of the Northern Pacific Railroad Company. They had two children, Frederick Billings and Julia.