Background
Frederick Ludwig Hoffman was born on May 2, 1865 in in Varel, a small town near Bremen in northwestern Germany. His parents were Augustus Franciscus Hoffman, a lawyer, and Antoinette (von Laar) Hoffman.
(This historic book may have numerous typos and missing te...)
This historic book may have numerous typos and missing text. Purchasers can download a free scanned copy of the original book (without typos) from the publisher. Not indexed. Not illustrated. 1916 Excerpt: ... of plague in 1899 and 1900, when the death rates were, respectively, 31.2 and 32.8 per 1,000 of population. Since then there have been no serious epidemics, and since 1907 the death rate of the city has been below 20 per 1,000, except during the years 1911 and 1914. The death rates prevailing during recent years may safely be considered an index of a reasonably satisfactory sanitary administration, and in many respects exceptionally so, in view of the special local sanitary and racial problems of the city of Honolulu. Table 3 presents the mortality of the Territory by administrative divisions for the five years ending with 1913. This table emphasizes the important conclusion that the death rate of the city of Honolulu is unquestionably increased by the admission of patients to the local hospitals from the surrounding territory. The death rate of the city of Honolulu was 20.2 per 1,000, while for the remainder of Honolulu county it was only 9.9. For the city and county combined the rate was 16.5 per 1,000, which may safely be considered satisfactory. For Hawaii county the rate was only 15.4. The island of Hawaii has for a number of years had the exceptional advantage of a sanitary officer of unusual ability. Mr. D. S. Bowman has been officially commended by the Surgeon-General of the United States Public Health Service for exceptional efficiency. Considering the plague invasion of the island and the practical elimination of rodent-plague cases during his administration, the rat-proofing of most of the plantation houses, the sanitary improvement of camps, etc., all combined furnish abundant reasons for special gratification at the results achieved. The high rate of 93.2 per 1,000 for Kalawao county is explained by the statement that this is the leper settlem...
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Frederick Ludwig Hoffman was born on May 2, 1865 in in Varel, a small town near Bremen in northwestern Germany. His parents were Augustus Franciscus Hoffman, a lawyer, and Antoinette (von Laar) Hoffman.
Hoffman attended school only until 1880, when, at the age of fifteen, he began work as a clerk in a rural general store near Bremen.
In 1911 he received an honorary Doctor of Law degree from Tulane University.
Frustrated by poor economic conditions, Hoffman immigrated to the United States. He was naturalized in 1892. Although Hoffman arrived in America with scanty means, few friends, and little knowledge of English, he eventually overcame these handicaps through ability, an enormous capacity for work, and some luck. After a few months as a grocery clerk in Cleveland, Ohio, he traveled through the West and South for about two years, studying on his own and supporting himself by odd jobs.
In 1887 he became an agent for the Metropolitan Life Insurance Company in Waltham and Watertown, Massachussets, locations which enabled him to pursue his self-education in Boston libraries. The Metropolitan sent him to Chicago in 1890, but ill health soon compelled him to move south, where he joined the Life Insurance Company of Virginia, advancing within four years to superintendent of their Newport News office.
During his years in Virginia, Hoffman made extensive statistical studies of the Negro population, its diseases, and its mortality. His first report of these studies, published in the Arena magazine of April 1892, attracted wide attention in both the South and the North. Negro mortality rates, he found, were nearly double those of the white population. This difference he attributed, in the light of contemporary medical and ethnological writings, primarily to the "inferior constitution and vitality of the colored race, " as seen in the Negro's supposed decline in morality and health since emancipation.
Hoffman developed his theories more fully in his Race Traits and Tendencies of the American Negro, published by the American Economic Association in 1896. American life insurance companies, which had begun in the 1880s to set higher premiums for Negroes, found "scientific" justification in Hoffman's reports. More immediately, his Arena article brought him a job offer from the Prudential Insurance Company. He began work as statistical assistant in the company's home office in Newark, New Jersey, in October 1894. He was promoted to statistician in 1901 and in 1918 was also made third vice-president. Although he resigned both posts in 1922, he remained with the firm as a part-time consultant until his retirement in 1934. Meanwhile he served as dean of advanced research at the Babson Institute, Wellesley Hills, Massachussets (1922-1927), and then as a consultant with the Biochemical Research Foundation of the Franklin Institute (1934-1938), living first in Wellesley Hills and then in Philadelphia.
In the 1920s Hoffman conducted a comparable survey of disease and mortality risks among the American Indians. Affecting an even broader segment of society, however, was Hoffman's antagonism toward public medical care and health insurance. This emerged after 1910 and made him the most effective and uncompromising voice of the American life insurance industry in its successful early campaign against compulsory health insurance legislation. Yet much of Hoffman's career was strongly humanitarian.
Immersing himself early in the public health movement, he made statistical analyses of many ills, ranging from malaria to leprosy to industrial health hazards. One of the most important of these, his study of "The Mortality from Consumption in the Dusty Trades, " together with later supplemental works, had an impact not only on the tuberculosis-control campaign but also on American labor legislation.
He was directly responsible for the founding, in 1913, of the American Society for the Control of Cancer (later the American Cancer Society). He wrote and lectured widely in furtherance of the society's educational work and, during the 1920s, conducted the extensive San Francisco cancer survey.
During the 1920s he conducted surveys of health conditions in Mexico and other Latin American countries. Much of his travel was done by air, earning him considerable publicity as the "flying actuary. "
Hoffman spent his retirement after 1938 in San Diego, Calif. For the last two decades of his life he suffered from Parkinson's disease. He died in San Diego of pneumonia at the age of eighty, a few days after a fall, and was buried in Greenwood Mausoleum in that city.
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Hoffman was a member of the Unitarian church.
Hoffman was a Republican in politics.
Hoffman shared some of the prevalent ideas of the era. He became a vigorous exponent of private enterprise, a staunch advocate of Anglo-Saxon racial purity, and a zealous guardian of the traditional elements of American society and life. His Race Traits and Tendencies of the American Negro was used in the South to justify Negro disenfranchisement.
Hoffman was active in many professional organizations, including the American Statistical Association, of which he was president in 1911.
Hoffman was a methodical, energetic person, and a compulsive collector of information. Insatiable curiosity helped make Hoffman an inveterate traveler.
On July 15, 1891, Hoffman married Ella George Hay of Americus, Georgia. They had six children.