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A Sketch of the Life of Mrs. Lyman Trumbull, Together with Notices of Her Death, and the Services at Her Funeral, Including an Address
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Punishment and Reformation: An Historical Sketch of the Rise of the Penitentiary System by Wines Frederick Howard 1838-1912 (2013-01-28)
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Frederick Howard Wines was an American clergyman and prison reformer.
Background
Frederick H. Wines was born on April 9, 1838, in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, the son of Enoch Cobb Wines and Emma Stansbury. He was a descendant of Barnabas Wines, who emigrated from Wales and was a freeman in Watertown, Massachusetts, in 1635.
Education
Graduating at the head of his class from Washington College (later Washington and Jefferson) in 1857, he entered Princeton Theological Seminary but was forced by an infection of the eyes to discontinue his studies. In 1860 in St. Louis, Missouri, he secured a license to preach and an appointment from the American Sunday School Union to missionary labors, with his headquarters in the frontier town of Springfield, Missouri. In 1862 he was commissioned hospital chaplain in charge of refugees at Springfield. In 1864 he returned to Princeton, where he was graduated from the theological school (1865).
Career
He was ordained by the presbytery of Sangamon on October 29, 1865. He shortly received a call to the First Presbyterian Church of Springfield, Illinois, where he remained until 1869. The organization of the Illinois state board of public charities in 1869 and the appointment of Wines as its secretary enrolled him in the work to which he was to devote the rest of his life. Among the early secretaries of such boards he enjoyed the longest term (1869 - 1892, 1896 - 1898) and was able to exert an influence on the early development of eleemosynary institutions that was rivalled only by that of Franklin Benjamin Sanborn, William Pryor Letchworth, and H. H. Hart of Minnesota. He attended most of the early meetings of the National Prison Association and eagerly cooperated in its revival in 1884, serving as secretary from 1887 to 1890.
In 1878 he was the Illinois delegate to the International Penitentiary Congress at Stockholm and took advantage of the opportunity to visit charitable institutions in Europe, establishing connections that enabled him to serve as an importer of new ideas for the rest of his life. Thus from his observations in England he brought back the germ of the plan for the Kankakee State Hospital, the first institution in America to apply the detached ward, or cottage system, to the housing of insane; he cited English experience when urging the elimination of chains and other physical restraints in the care of defectives, and in the early eighties he was among the first to urge the development in America of "pathological research" and hydrotherapy.
He was one of the leading spirits in the move to separate administrators from theorists in the annual Social Science Congresses, establishing in 1878 the National Conference of Charities and Corrections, over whose deliberations he presided in 1883. In 1886 he began the International Record of Charities and Correction, a monthly which continued until it was absorbed (1888) into the Charities Review.
During the administration of J. P. Altgeld he was relieved from responsibility in Illinois and found time to deliver numerous addresses, including a series on the history and philosophy of prison reform before the Lowell Institute of Boston. Later he expanded this material into his volume, Punishment and Reformation (1895), which remained for many years the most satisfactory treatment of the subject in English.
Wines early gave attention in his state reports to the statistical analysis of sociological data, and during the Tenth Census he was named special adviser in the preparation of the report on The Defective, Dependent and Delinquent Classes of the Population of the United States (1881).
In 1897 he was appointed assistant director of the Twelfth Census and was given major responsibility for the preparation of the Report on Crime, Pauperism and Benevolence in the United States (2 vols. , 1895 - 1896). Having moved to Washington in 1898, he continued to make his home there and in Beaufort, North Carolina, until called back to Illinois to fill the post of statistician under the newly established board of control in 1909. There he started the Institution Quarterly and otherwise maintained his active services until the end. He died on January 31, 1912, in Springfield, Illinois.
Achievements
An acclaimed chaplain, prison reformer and sociologist, Frederick Howard Wines was as active as anyone of his day in developing a picture of America's social problems and finding solutions to them.