Background
Ostwald was born on September 2, 1853 in Riga, to master-cooper Gottfried Wilhelm Ostwald (1824-1903) and Elisabeth Leuckel (1824-1903). He was the middle child of three, born after Eugen (1851-1932) and before Gottfried (1855-1918).
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Ostwald was born on September 2, 1853 in Riga, to master-cooper Gottfried Wilhelm Ostwald (1824-1903) and Elisabeth Leuckel (1824-1903). He was the middle child of three, born after Eugen (1851-1932) and before Gottfried (1855-1918).
Ostwald graduated from the University of Tartu, Estonia, (then Dorpat) in 1875, received his Ph. D. there in 1878 under the guidance of Carl Schmidt.
Ostwald became an assistant in physics at the University of Riga in 1875. In 1877 he became director of the Physicochemical Institute in Leipzig. Ostwald, a pioneer in the field of physical chemistry, vigorously championed S. A. Arrhenius' theory of electrolytic dissociation. The first issue of the Zeitschrift für physikalische Chemie ("Journal of Physical Chemistry"), which Ostwald founded in 1887, contained contributions on the subject by Arrhenius, Ostwald, and J. H. van't Hoff. Ostwald's contribution to the theory was a study of affinity constants of acids and bases, as determined by the application of the law of mass action to equilibrium studies, and rates of reaction. He invented the Ostwald viscometer. In 1900 the Ostwald-Brauer process for the manufacture of nitric acid from ammonia, using a platinum catalyst, was developed. Cheap ammonia was later made available by the Haber-Bosch process. By combining the Haber and Ostwald processes Germany was able to synthesize explosives for World War I; and since that time the processes have become worldwide, not only for explosives but for nitrate fertilizers as well. In a special laboratory built for Ostwald in Leipzig, students from all parts of the world came to study the new science of physical chemistry, and from this laboratory issued some of the greatest teachers and men of research in the decades to come. In addition to his scientific works Ostwald tried to develop a universal language and was a painter of considerable note. His interest in the latter field led to his development of the chemistry of color. In 1909 he was awarded a Nobel Prize in chemistry for his work in catalysis, chemical equilibrium, and rates of reaction. He published German translations of some two hundred papers in the fields of chemistry and physics under the title of Ostwald's Klassiker. He died in Grossbothem, Germany, April 4, 1932.
(This is a pre-1923 historical reproduction that was curat...)
(This is a reproduction of a book published before 1923. T...)
Member of the Prussian Academy of Sciences, Member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, Corresponding Member of the St Petersburg Academy of Sciences
On 24 April 1880 Ostwald married Helene von Reyher (1854-1946), with whom he had five children.
