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He was born on July 31, 1800 in Eschersheim, which belonged to Hanau at the time but is nowadays a district of Frankfurt am Main. He was a son of an agronomist and veterinarian.
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Excerpt from Annalen der Chemie und Pharmacie, 1856, Vol. 99 Die Mineralqnellen zu Brückenau in Bayern Buttersiure, Propion säure, Euigsäure und Ameisensäure enthaltend; von Prof. Dr. About the Publisher Forgotten Books publishes hundreds of thousands of rare and classic books. Find more at www.forgottenbooks.com This book is a reproduction of an important historical work. Forgotten Books uses state-of-the-art technology to digitally reconstruct the work, preserving the original format whilst repairing imperfections present in the aged copy. In rare cases, an imperfection in the original, such as a blemish or missing page, may be replicated in our edition. We do, however, repair the vast majority of imperfections successfully; any imperfections that remain are intentionally left to preserve the state of such historical works.
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He was born on July 31, 1800 in Eschersheim, which belonged to Hanau at the time but is nowadays a district of Frankfurt am Main. He was a son of an agronomist and veterinarian.
In 1814 he began to attend the gymnasium at Frankfort, where he carried out experiments with his friend Dr J. J. C. Buch. In 1820 he entered Marburg University, and next year removed to Heidelberg, where he worked in Leopold Gmelin's laboratory.
Intending to practise as a physician, he took his degree in medicine and surgery (1823), but was persuaded by Gmelin to devote himself to chemistry. He studied in Berzelius's laboratory at Stockholm, and there began a lifelong friendship with the Swedish chemist.
On his return he had proposed to settle as a Privatdozent at Heidelberg, but accepted the post of teacher of chemistry in the newly established technical school (Gewerbeschule) in Berlin (1825), where he remained till 1831. Private affairs then called him to Cassel, where he soon became professor at the higher technical school.
In 1836 he was appointed to the chair of chemistry in the medical faculty at Gottingen, holding also the office of inspector-general of pharmacies in the kingdom of Hanover. This professorship he held until his death on the 23rd of September 1882.
Wbhler had made the acquaintance of Liebig, his junior by three years, in 1825, and the two men remained close friends and allies for the rest of their lives. Together they carried out a number of joint researches. One of the earliest, if not the earliest, was the investigation, published in 1830, which proved the polymerism of cyanic and cyanuric acid, but the most famous were those on the oil of bitter almonds (benzaldehyde) and the radicle benzoyl (1832), and on uric acid (1837), which are of fundamental importance in the history of organic chemistry.
But it was the achievement of Wohler alone, in 1828, to break down the barrier held to exist between organic and inorganic chemistry by artificially preparing urea, one of those substances which up to that time it had been thought could only be produced through the agency of " vital force. "
Most of his work, however, lay in the domain of inorganic chemistry. The isolation of the elementary bodies and the investigation of their properties wras one of his favourite pursuits. Nine years afterwards H. E. Sainte-Claire Devffle, ignorant of what he had done, adopted the same methods in his efforts to prepare the metal on an industrial scale; the result of Wohler's claim of priority was that the two became good friends and joined in a research, published in 1856-1857, which yielded "adamantine boron. " By the same method as had succeeded with aluminium (reduction of the chloride by potassium) Wohler in 1828 obtained metallic beryllium and yttrium.
Later, in 1849, titanium engaged his attention, and, proving that what had up to that time passed as the metal was really a cyanonitride, he showed how the true metal was to be obtained.
He also worked at the nitrides, and in 1857 with H. Buff carried out an inquiry on the compounds of silicon in which they prepared the previously unknown gas, silicon hydride or silicurettea hydrogen. A problem to which he returned repeatedly was that of separating nickel and cobalt from their ores and freeing them from arsenic; and in the course of his long laboratory practice he worked out numerous processes for the preparation of pure chemicals and methods of exact analysis.
The Royal Society's Catalogue enumerates 276 separate memoirs written by him, apart from 43 in which he collaborated with others.
Wöhler's discoveries had great influence on the theory of chemistry. The journals of every year from 1820 to 1881 contain contributions from him.
In 1827 he obtained metallic aluminium as a fine powder, and in 1845 improved methods enabled him to get it in fully metallic globules.
Wöhler was also known for being a co-discoverer of beryllium, silicon and silicon nitride, as well as the synthesis of calcium carbide, among others. In 1834, Wöhler and Justus Liebig published an investigation of the oil of bitter almonds. They proved by their experiments that a group of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms can behave like an element, take the place of an element, and be exchanged for elements in chemical compounds. Thus the foundation was laid of the doctrine of compound radicals, a doctrine which had a profound influence on the development of chemistry.
Since the discovery of potassium by Humphry Davy, it had been assumed that alumina, the basis of clay, contained a metal in combination with oxygen. Davy, Orsted, and Berzelius attempted the extraction of this metal, but failed. Wöhler then worked on the same subject, and discovered the metal aluminium in 1827.
He analyzed meteorites, and for many years wrote the digest on the literature of meteorites in the Jahresberichte über die Fortschritte der Chemie; he possessed the best private collection of meteoric stones and irons existing.
Wöhler and Sainte Claire Deville discovered the crystalline form of boron, and Wöhler and Heinrich Buff discovered silane in 1857. Wöhler also prepared urea, a constituent of urine, from ammonium cyanate in the laboratory without the help of a living cell.
In his later years he enjoyed high honours, including the Copley Medal of the Royal Society of London and foreign membership in the French Academy of Sciences.
(This book was originally published prior to 1923, and rep...)
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(Wöhler's Outlines of Organic Chemistry - Translated from ...)
(This volume is produced from digital images created throu...)
(This book was digitized and reprinted from the collection...)
(This book was digitized and reprinted from the collection...)
(This book was digitized and reprinted from the collection...)
(Excerpt from Annalen der Chemie und Pharmacie, 1866, Vol....)
(Excerpt from Annalen der Chemie und Pharmacie, 1856, Vol....)
A problem to which he returned repeatedly was that of separating nickel and cobalt from their ores and freeing them from arsenic; and in the course of his long laboratory practice he worked out numerous processes for the preparation of pure chemicals and methods of exact analysis. The Royal Society's Catalogue enumerates 276 separate memoirs written by him, apart from 43 in which he collaborated with others.
In 1834, he was elected a foreign member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences.
Wöhler was gentle, unassuming, and self-effacing.
Quotes from others about the person
In the Scientific American supplement for 1882, it was remarked that "for two or three of his researches he deserves the highest honor a scientific man can obtain, but the sum of his work is absolutely overwhelming. Had he never lived, the aspect of chemistry would be very different from that it is now".
Wöhler was married twice. His first marriage, to his cousin Franziska Wöhler in 1828, ended with her death four years later; he then married Julie Pfeiffer. He had a son and a daughter by his first wife and four daughters by his second.
