Party work in Saint St. Petersburg and abroad. During World War 1 sided with Zimmcrwald Leftists. Worked in France and then from January 1916 in Switzerland.
After 1917 February Revol member, Petrograd Russian Social-Democratic Workers’ Party Committee. After 1917 October Revol Party and government work. 1919 one of leaders of “Military Opposition”, at 8th Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks) Congress.
From 1921 member, Turkestani Bureau, Central Committee, Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks). 1921-1922 member, Communist International Executive Committee. Head, Eastern Department, Communist International.
At 10th and 12th Party Congresses elected candidate member, Central Committee, Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks). In the controversy over the Brest Peace Treaty sided with the Leftist Communists. At 14th All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks) Congress sided with “New Opposition", then joined Trotsky-Zinoviev Bloc.
1927 at 15th All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks) Congress expelled from Party as an active member of the Trotskyist opposition. 1928 re-admitted to Party. 1934 again expelled from Party for alleged anti-Party activities and then arrested by State Security organs.
The hierarchical structure of most religions is anti-democratic, and thus offends basic human rights.
Communist Party of the Soviet Union is the guiding force of all socialist countries, and the nucleus of their political system.
Communist Party member from 1908.