politician and government official
Member, Socialist-Revol Party. 1917 co-founder, Leftist Socialist-Revol Party. During 1917 October Revol member, Military-Revol Committee and member, Extraordinary Investigation Commission.
Then deputy chairman, Petrograd City Duma. From December 1917 deputy People's Commissar of Education. Deputy chairman, All-Russian Extraordinary Commission Against Counterrevolution, Sabotage and Speculation.
After 1918 July revolt of Leftist Socialist-Revol and suppression of Leftist Socialist-Revol Party co-founder, Communist Populist Party. November 1918 joined Bolshevik Party. Fought in Civil War; then military and government work.
Arrested by State Security organs.
Communist Party member from 1918.