Background
Georg Friedrich List was born on August 6, 1789 in the free imperial city of Reutlingen in Württemberg, Germany, the youngest child of a prosperous tanner, Johannes List. His mother's family name was Schäfer.
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(Excerpt from Über ein Sächsisches Eisenbahn-System als Gr...)
Excerpt from Über ein Sächsisches Eisenbahn-System als Grundlage Eines Allgemeinen Deutschen Eisenbahn-Systems An gute lommen 511 laffen. Sticht fur feine €berfon inollte er in 2lmerila für ein außgebehnteß iranßportft;ftem eintreten, nein, er lehnte fich m bie ©cimut 311rücl, in ihr nnb z,i1 ihren ®uuften feine @tubien nnb reichen (erfahrungen an berioerten „%m ©1ntergrunbe aller meiner 231üne, fchreiht er 1828, „liegt Sbeutfchlanb, bie Stücllehr nach ®eutfchlanb, mitten in ben %ilbniffen ber blauen 58erge träumte mir bon einem bcutfchen (eifenbahnft;ftem 83 tour mir llar, baß nur burch ein folcheß bie ©anbelßbereiuigung in bolle ibirlfamleit treten lbnne. 650 trieb ihn ein tragifcheß ®efchict ber heiße €ibunfch, bem %aterlanbe 511 helfen, bie'. Bläue, bie er bon 2lmerila auß fchon bem Siöniglicheu 9)iaf®i11enbaubireltor b. 28aber entlniclelt hatte, 511 berivirilichen, au2 einer gefichertcn 8ebenélage in ben unfichereu Stumpf 3uriicl. 1832 fiebelte er trieber ganglich nach Guropa über. About the Publisher Forgotten Books publishes hundreds of thousands of rare and classic books. Find more at www.forgottenbooks.com This book is a reproduction of an important historical work. Forgotten Books uses state-of-the-art technology to digitally reconstruct the work, preserving the original format whilst repairing imperfections present in the aged copy. In rare cases, an imperfection in the original, such as a blemish or missing page, may be replicated in our edition. We do, however, repair the vast majority of imperfections successfully; any imperfections that remain are intentionally left to preserve the state of such historical works.
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(This is a reproduction of a book published before 1923. T...)
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The importance of this book, translated for the first time in 1983, lies not so much in List’s advocacy of the fiscal policy of protection as in the relatively new doctrines that he put forward. He discussed stages of economic growth, ‘productive powers’ and the industrialisation of developing regions. List’s most fundamental teachings are fully developed in this book.
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Georg Friedrich List was born on August 6, 1789 in the free imperial city of Reutlingen in Württemberg, Germany, the youngest child of a prosperous tanner, Johannes List. His mother's family name was Schäfer.
He attended the local Latin school and studied at the University of Tübingen.
In 1806 List entered the public service of Württemberg, rising to the rank of ministerial undersecretary. He was appointed professor of administration and politics at the University of Tübingen, during the ministry of his friend Von Wangenheim (1817). When the succeeding reactionary government took exception to his affiliation with the Handelsverein, an association of merchants seeking the abolition of internal duties, List resigned his professorship, became secretary of the association and editor of its journal, and as such took a leading part in the movement which culminated in the German Customs Union (Zollverein).
In 1819 he was elected to the Diet of Württemberg from Reutlingen, but his liberal ideas and his advocacy of economic reforms (aid to industry, equitable taxes, and a budget system) incurred the enmity of the bureaucratic government. He was indicted for sedition and sentenced to ten months' imprisonment. Eluding arrest by flight, he spent the four years following in exile. In Paris he met Lafayette, who invited him to accompany him on his proposed visit to America. During a visit to England in 1823 he made his first acquaintance with railroads. On the advice of friends, he returned to Württemberg in May 1824, but was arrested and taken to the fortress Asperg. In the following January he was released on condition that he leave the country.
Finding his further stay on the Continent impossible, he emigrated, with his family to the United States, arriving in New York June 10, 1825. Having accepted the invitation of Lafayette--with whom and his son, Georges, he kept up a life-long friendship--to accompany him on his tour of the Atlantic states, List met many of the leading men in American public life. After a temporary sojourn on a farm near Harrisburg, he moved to Reading, Pennsylvania, in 1826. There he became editor of the Readinger Adler, a German-American weekly founded in 1796. His versatility, his intimate knowledge of international affairs, and the patriotic spirit which animated his writings soon made the Adler one of the most influential papers in Pennsylvania. It was popularly styled "the Berks County Bible. "
During the presidential campaign of 1828 List's influence among Pennsylvania Germans had much to do with swinging Pennsylvania to Andrew Jackson. His interest in economics, and especially in questions of commercial policy, brought him into close contact with Charles Jared Ingersoll, Pierre Du Ponceau, Mathew Carey, Redwood Fisher, and other leaders of the Pennsylvania Society for the Encouragement of Manufactures and the Mechanic Arts, which was then the center of the protectionist movement; and List soon became one of its foremost literary exponents. His Outlines of American Political Economy (1827), Observations on the Report of the Committee of Ways and Means (1828), address, On the Boston Report, and Particularly on Its Principles Respecting the Landed Interest of Pennsylvania, delivered in 1828 before the Pennsylvania legislature, and his controversy with Gov. W. B. Giles of Virginia made him known throughout the country as one of the ablest advocates of the "American System. " As a tribute to his effective work, the Pennsylvania Society gave a banquet in his honor at Philadelphia, November 3, 1827, and requested him to write under its auspices a college textbook on political economy.
The presidency of Lafayette College was offered to him about the same time. List, however, turned his attention to business projects. These included the development of rich anthracite deposits which he had discovered near Tamaqua, and the building of a railroad from that point to Port Clinton. In 1828 he organized the Little Schuylkill Navigation, Railroad & Coal Company, the progenitor of the modern Reading System, and successfully initiated the building of its line, which was opened to traffic in 1831. In the same year, as an executive agent of the Department of State, he went to Europe, where he planned to introduce Pennsylvania anthracite. Having become naturalized, he was appointed United States consul at Hamburg by President Jackson in 1831, and, failing of confirmation by the Senate, was given the consulate at Baden.
From 1834 to 1837 he was United States consul at Leipzig and from 1843 to 1845 at Stuttgart. After his return to Europe he divided his energies mainly between literary work and the promotion of a German railway system. In pursuance of a long-cherished plan he founded, jointly with Rotteck and Welcker, the Staats-Lexikon in 1835, to which he contributed several noteworthy articles on American institutions, including railway transportation. In furtherance of the latter he founded the Eisenbahn-Journal (1835), and with indomitable energy and in the face of obstacles of all kinds successfully championed the building of a railroad from Leipzig to Dresden. His epochal brochure, Über ein sächsisches Eisenbahn-System, appeared in 1833.
Continued persecutions by Metternich and his agents caused him to leave Germany once more, in 1837, and he spent the next three years in research and literary work in Paris. There he wrote a prize essay, Système naturel d'économie politique (1837), on the most feasible method of changing from protection to free trade, which was adjudged an "ouvrage remarquable" by the French Academy.
Returning to Germany in 1840, he again took up his studies on commercial policy, and in 1841 published his opus magnum, under the title, Das Nationale System der Politischen (tm)konomie. In the Zollvereinsblatt (1843 - 1846) he founded an organ through which he created a popular interest in questions of political economy and helped to lay the economic foundation of modern Germany as brought about later by Bismarck. He was for many years a leading contributor to the Augsburger Allgemeine Zeitung. On a visit to Austria and Hungary in 1844 as a missionary of protection to domestic industry, he met a cordial welcome; but a visit to England in 1846, where he hoped to prepare the way for a commercial alliance between Great Britain and Germany, proved a disappointment; and he returned to his home in Augsburg broken in health and spirits.
He sought relief in a journey to the Tyrol, where, in a moment of despondency, he ended his life.
List was one of the leading economists of the nineteenth century. His theory of productive forces, of the economic importance of nations as against the individualism and cosmopolitanism of Adam Smith, and his application of the historical method fructified and advanced the study of economics. He wrote his most remembered book, "The National System of Political Economy" (1841).
( The importance of this book, translated for the first t...)
(Excerpt from Über ein Sächsisches Eisenbahn-System als Gr...)
(This is a reproduction of a book published before 1923. T...)
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List advocated imposing tariffs on imported goods and supported free trade of domestic goods.
List was married to Catherine Neidhard, a beautiful young widow, daughter of Professor Seybold.
