George Ernst Stahls Ausführliche Abhandlung von den Zufällen und Kranckheiten des Frauenzimmers: Dem Beygefüget Was zu Einer Guten Amme Erfordert ... Tonici (Classic Reprint) (German Edition)
(Excerpt from George Ernst Stahls Ausführliche Abhandlung ...)
Zymotechnia Fundamentalis Oder Allgemeine Grund-Erkanntniss Der Gahrungs-Kunst
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Georgii Ernesti Stahl ... Paraenensis Ad Aliena A Medica Doctrina Arcedum ... (Spanish Edition)
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Georgii Ernesti Stahl ... Paraenensis Ad Aliena A Medica Doctrina Arcedum ...
Georg Ernst Stahl, Waisenhaus (Halle)
litteris Orphanotrophei, 1706
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Theoria Medica Vera, Volume 1
Georg Ernst Stahl
Georg Ernst Stahl was a German chemist, physician and philosopher. He was a supporter of vitalism, and until the late 18th century his works on phlogiston were accepted as an explanation for chemical processes.
Background
He was born on October 22, 1659 in Ansbach, Germany. His father was Johann Lorentz Stahl. He was raised in Pietism, which influenced his viewpoints on the world. His interests in chemistry were due to the influence a professor of medicine, Jacob Barner, and a chemist, Johann Kunckel von Löwenstjern.
Education
In the late 1670s, Stahl moved to Saxe-Jena to study medicine at the University of Jena. Stahl’s success at Jena earned him a M. D. around 1683. He then devoted himself to scientific work and lectured in chemistry at the university, attaining considerable reputation. He subsequently joined the medical faculty of the new University of Halle.
Career
In 1687 Stahl was invited to become court physician at Weimar, where he remained for seven years. In 1693, he joined his old college friend Friedrich Hoffmann at the University of Halle. Hoffmann, needing help, was instrumental in securing Stahl’s appointment as the second professor of medicine. In 1694 Stahl went to Halle, where he remained until 1715, lecturing particularly on the theory of medicine and on chemistry. Hoffmann and Stahl, although different in many respects, formed a very strong faculty and Halle became a leading medical school. In 1715, at the request of Frederick William I of Prussia, Stahl left Halle and went to Berlin to be court physician. He remained there until his death.
Stahl's focus was on the distinction between the living and nonliving. He professed an animistic system, in opposition to the materialism of Hermann Boerhaave and Friedrich Hoffmann. Stahl thought that medicine should deal with the body as a whole and its anima, rather than the specific parts of a body. Having knowledge on the specific mechanical parts of the body is not very useful.
As a physician, Stahl worked with patients and focused on the soul, or anima, as well as blood circulation and tonic motion. In Stahl's 1692 dissertation, De motu tonico vitali, Stahl explains his theory of tonic motion and how it is connected to blood flow within a subject, without citing William Harvey's blood flow and circulation theories, which lacked an explanation of irregular blood flow. Also within the dissertation, 'practitioners' are mentioned as users of his theory of tonic motion. Stahl's theory of tonic motion was about the muscle tone of the circulatory system. During his work at Halle, Stahl oversaw patients experiencing headaches and nosebleeds. Tonic motion explained these phenomena as blood needed a natural or artificial path to flow when a part of the body is obstructed, injured, or swollen. Stahl also experimented with menstruation, finding that bloodletting in an upper portion of the body would relieve bleeding during the period. During the next period, the wound would experience pain and swelling, which would only be relieved by an opening in the foot. He also followed this procedure as a treatment for amenorrhoea.
The best of Stahl’s work in chemistry was done while he was a professor at Halle. Just like medicine, he believed that chemistry could not be reduced to mechanistic views. Although he believed in atoms, he did not believe that atomic theories were enough to describe the chemical processes that go on. He believed that atoms could not be isolated individually and that they join together to form elements. He took an empirical approach when establishing his descriptions of chemistry. Stahl used the works of Johann Joachim Becher to help him come up with explanations of chemical phenomena. Influenced by Becher's work, he developed his theory of phlogiston. He was able to make the theory applicable to chemistry as it was one of the first unifying theories in the discipline. Phlogiston provided an explanation of various chemical phenomena and encouraged the chemists of the time to rationally work with the theory to explore more of the subject. This theory was later replaced by Antoine-Laurent Lavoisier’s theory of oxidation. He also propounded a view of fermentation, which in some respects resembles that supported by Justus von Liebig a century and half later. Although his theory was replaced, Stahl's theory of phlogiston is seen to be the transition between alchemy and chemistry.
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Personality
Stahl’s personality has received much unfavorable comment. He has been condemned as misanthropic and harsh, narrow-minded and intolerant. These qualities also have been contrasted unfavorably with the sunnier and more open disposition of Hoffmann. Much of the evaluation rests on rather slender evidence and stems particularly from the statements of Haller, which many historians have repeated. On the other hand, Stahl had many defenders. These were the years of his greatest productivity, and it is only reasonable to see in his outward attitudes some reflection of his personal life. Stahl’s style of writing is prolix and convoluted, and difficult to understand. Perhaps the style is the man himself.
Connections
Stahl's first wife died in 1696 of puerperal fever and his second wife in 1706, of the same disease. A daughter died in 1708.