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George Croghan was born in about 1720 in Ireland. Little is known about Croghan's early life. His parents are unknown, as is the name of his first wife. He had a half-brother named Edward Ward Sr. and a brother-in-law named William Trent with whom he partnered in the fur trade.
In his extensive travels in the wilderness areas of pre-Revolutionary War America, Croghan became adept in Native American customs and, in more than one case, languages.
These skills prompted the British occupational forces to enlist him to negotiate with several tribes to be more friendly toward the French.
On one occasion, Croghan was held hostage by Native Americans, but otherwise he moved freely throughout the areas of Kentucky, Ohio, Pennsylvania, and Michigan.
He traveled to America in 1741 and became a fur trader in Lancaster, Pennsylvania. His success was attributed to his practice
of traveling to Native American villages to purchase pelts rather than waiting
for the furs to be delivered to him.
During this period he learned much about Native American customs and traditions.
By the early 1750s, Crogan had established several trading posts throughout Pennsylvania.
His rapid expansion and inability to protect his storehouses from thieving competitors, however, forced him into bankruptcy in 1853.
Croghan's work as a government agent working to secure peace with the Native American tribes began in February 1750, when he and Andrew Montour represented the colonial government of Pennsylvania at Big Mineamis Creek.
In 1751, he accepted a mission in Logstown, where several Native American tribes held a large council.
In June 1753, his Native American trading partners were captured by Native Americans in collusion with the French and sent to Montreal.
Croghan opened another post near Cumberland, Maryland, the following year.
Headquartered at Fort Pitt from 1758 to 1772, he helped negotiate treaties with the tribes west of the Six Nations and north of the Ohio River, including the Shawnees, Delawares, Miamis, Wyandots, and Ottawas, many of the same groups he had become familiar with as a fur trader.
Following the conclusion of the French and Indian War in 1760, the responsibility fell upon Croghan to inform the tribes allied with the French that the British would be taking over the French forts.
In 1761, Croghan and Johnson represented British interests at another council of Native American tribes held in the Michigan-territory outpost of Detroit.
Croghan was instrumental in ending the Anglo-Indian War of 1863, which began when Sir Jeffery Amherst ordered an end to gift giving by the British to Native Americans.
Failing to make Amherst understand the value Native Americans placed upon this custom, Croghan purchased gifts from his own monies to forestall armed conflict.
The Seneca and Shawnee tribes attempted to drive the British out of the territory previously occupied by the French, and the British monarchy attempted to settle the dispute by forbidding new settlements west of the Appalachian Mountains in the Proclamation of 1763.
In 1765, Croghan was commissioned to accept a French surrender at Fort de Chartres.
The angered Shawnee threatened retaliation against the Kickapoo, who in turn released Croghan to the Miami tribe and instructed the Miami to tell the British to massacre the Shawnee.
Croghan was able to later negotiate Kickapoo and Mascouten consent for the British to occupy the French forts.
While arguing for fair treatment of Native Americans, Croghan clearly intended to remove them from their lands and replace them with white settlers and amass a huge profit for himself.
Croghan visited England in 1764 to discuss the status of Native American relations.
He particularly wanted all treaties to be negotiated between the tribes and the British Crown rather than the American colonies.
Croghan also attempted to secure for himself a deed for 200, 000 acres in New York.
His request was denied, but the Crown issued him 10, 000 acres in 1768.
In 1868, he negotiated a 2. 5-million-acre grant from a consortium of Native American tribes as restitution for his own losses during the Anglo-Indian War.
This land extended from the borders of Pennsylvania and Ohio to the Little Kanawha and Monongahela rivers.
Called the Indiana Grant, Crogan arranged to include it as part of the 1768 Treaty of Fort Stanwix, which angered many colonialists.
Hedging his bets, Croghan attempted to supersede the Indiana Grant with his idea for the Vandalia colony.
The 20-million-acre Vandalia included the Indiana Grant acreage and was supported by Virginia politicians.
However, the Crown, concerned about the rebellious attitude in the colonies, decided to cancel the Vandalia project to appease potential unrest with Native Americans.
According to Dictionary of American Biography, "the outbreak of the Revolution, however, wrecked all of Croghan's extensive land operations. "
He would not recover his losses.
In 1775, Croghan declared his allegiance to the American colonies in their attempt to seek independence from Britain.
Croghan's resignation was forced in 1777, and, one year later, his name appeared on a list of traitors.
He was brought to trial but acquitted.
The two men reportedly had laid opposing claims for the same parcel of land at separate times, and Croghan's claim preceded Washington's.
Called Croghan Plantation, the property extended from the forks of the Ohio River to Turtle Creek in Pennsylvania.
The Plantation was burned to the ground in 1763 during Chief Pontiac's uprising.
Rather than rebuild it, Croghan offered to sell it to Washington in 1770.
This angered Washington and, in 1782, he charged Croghan with treason.
(This reproduction was printed from a digital file created...)
Quotations: He wrote to his friend Captain Murray about the incident: "I got the stroke of a Hatchet on the Head, but my skull being pretty thick, the hatchet would not enter, so you may see a thick skull is of service on some occasions. "
He fathered one European daughter and another by a Native American woman.
