Shakespearian Comedy and Other Studies

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Ypres, 1914: Mons, and the Retreat

(The First Battle of Ypres (19 October – 22 November) was ...)

The First Battle of Ypres (19 October – 22 November) was a First World War battle fought around Ypres, in western Belgium during October and November 1914. The battle took place as part of the First Battle of Flanders (French: Première Bataille des Flandres German: Erste Flandernschlacht), in which German, French, Belgian and British armies fought from Arras in France to Nieuport on the Belgian coast, from 10 October to mid-November. The battles at Ypres began at the end of the Race to the Sea which involved attempts by the German and Franco-British armies to advance past the northern flank of their opponents. North of Ypres the fighting continued in the Battle of the Yser (16–31 October), fought between the German 4th Army and a largely Belgian force. The fighting has been divided into five stages, an encounter battle from 19–21 October, the Battle of Langemarck from 21–24 October, the battles at La Bassée and Armentières to 2 November, coincident with more Allied attacks at Ypres and the Battle of Gheluvelt (29–31 October), a fourth phase with the last big German offensive which culminated at the Battle of Nonne Bosschen on 11 November then local operations, which faded out in late November. J. E. Edmonds, the British Official Historian, wrote that the II Corps battle at La Bassée could be taken as separate but that the battles from Armentières to Messines and Ypres, were better understood as a battle in two parts, an offensive by III Corps and the Cavalry Corps from 12–18 October), against which the Germans retired and an offensive by the German 6th and 4th armies from (19 October – 2 November), which from 30 October took place mainly north of the Lys, when the battles of Armentières and Messines merged with the Battles of Ypres.a Attacks by the BEF, Belgians and a new French Eighth Army in Belgium made little progress beyond Ypres and then the German 4th and 6th armies took small amounts of ground at great cost to both sides, during the Battle of the Yser (16–31 October) and further south at Ypres. Falkenhayn then tried a limited offensive to capture Ypres and Mount Kemmel, from (19 October – 22 November). Neither side had moved forces to Flanders fast enough to obtain a decisive victory and by November, both were exhausted, short of ammunition and suffering from collapses in morale; some infantry units refused orders. The autumn battles in Flanders had quickly become static, attritional operations, unlike the battles of manoeuvre in the summer. French, British and Belgian troops in improvised field defences, repulsed German attacks for four weeks. From 21–23 October, German reservists had made mass attacks at Langemarck, with losses of up to 70 percent to little effect. Warfare between mass armies, equipped with the weapons of the Industrial Revolution and its later developments, proved to be indecisive, because field fortifications neutralised many classes of offensive weapon. The defensive use of artillery and machine-guns had dominated the battlefield and the ability of the armies to supply themselves and replace casualties, prolonged battles for weeks. The German armies engaged 34 divisions in the Flanders battles, the French twelve, the British nine and the Belgians six, along with marines and dismounted cavalry. Falkenhayn reconsidered German strategy over the winter, because Vernichtungsstrategie and a dictated peace against France and Russia had been shown to be beyond German resources. Falkenhayn intended to detach Russia or France from the Allied coalition, by diplomatic as well as military action. A strategy of attrition (Ermattungsstrategie), would make the cost of the war too great, until one enemy negotiated an end to the war. The remaining belligerents would have to negotiate or face the German army concentrated on the remaining front, which would be sufficient to obtain a decisive victory.

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Shakespearian comedy and other studies

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More Companionable Books

(Light wear to boards. Content is clean and bright. Good D...)

Light wear to boards. Content is clean and bright. Good DJ with some edge wear and creasing. 127 pages.

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The Retreat from Mons (Illustrated)

(The Great Retreat, also known as the Retreat from Mons, i...)

The Great Retreat, also known as the Retreat from Mons, is the name given to the long withdrawal to the River Marne, in August and September 1914, by the British Expeditionary Force (BEF) and the French Fifth Army, Allied forces on the Western Front in World War I, after their defeat by the Imperial German armies at the Battle of Charleroi (21 August) and the Battle of Mons (23 August). A counter-offensive by the Fifth Army, with some assistance from the BEF at the First Battle of Guise (Battle of St. Quentin 29–30 August), failed to end the German advance and the Franco-British retreat continued to and beyond the Marne. From 5–12 September, the First Battle of the Marne ended the Allied retreat and forced the German armies to retire towards the Aisne river and fight the First Battle of the Aisne (13–28 September). Reciprocal attempts to outflank the opposing armies to the north followed, known as the Race to the Sea (17 September – 17 October). The Battle of Mons was a subsidiary action of the Battle of the Frontiers, the BEF attempted to hold the line of the Mons–Condé Canal against the advancing German First Army. During 23 August the Germans concentrated on the British at the salient formed by a loop in the canal. At 9:00 a.m., the Germans attempted to cross four bridges over the canal at the salient. Advancing at first in close column, "parade ground formation", the Germans were mown down by rifle, machine-gun and artillery fire, with British riflemen hitting German soldiers at over 1,000 yards (910 m). By the afternoon the British position in the salient had become untenable; to the east, units of the German IX Corps had begun to cross the canal, threatening the British right flank. At 3:00 p.m. the 3rd Division was ordered to retire from the salient, to positions a short distance to the south of Mons. A retreat was ordered towards evening by the 5th Division to conform and by nightfall II Corps had established a new defensive line, running through the villages of Montrœul, Boussu, Wasmes, Paturages and Frameries. The Germans had built pontoon bridges over the canal and were approaching the British positions in great strength. By nightfall on 24 August, the British had retreated to defensive lines on the Valenciennes–Maubeuge road. Outnumbered by the German First Army and with the French Fifth Army also falling back, the BEF continue to retire. The I Corps retreated to Landrecies and II Corps to Le Cateau.

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Robert Bridges: The Rede Lecture, 1931

(Originally published in 1946, this book presents the cont...)

Originally published in 1946, this book presents the content of the Rede Lecture for 1931, which was delivered by George Stuart Gordon at Cambridge University. This book will be of value to anyone with an interest in Robert Bridges, English poetry and literary criticism.

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Shakespearian comedy and other studies

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Anglo-american Literary Relations: The Watson Chair Foundation Lectures of the Sulgrave Manor Board, Delivered in University College, London, March 1931

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The Discipline of Letters: An Inaugural Lecture Delivered Before the University of Oxford on 9 May, 1923 (Classic Reprint)

(Excerpt from The Discipline of Letters: An Inaugural Lect...)

Excerpt from The Discipline of Letters: An Inaugural Lecture Delivered Before the University of Oxford on 9 May, 1923 It is hard to say from a rostrum what should be said about Walter Raleigh; for though no one adorned it more, or, I think, more valued its privileges, since it allowed him to address the young, he was happiest where men are equal, - in rooms where no one lectures, on roads where all men Walk, In air which all men freely breathe. I must not attempt to add to the many portraits which his friends have drawn of this singularly lovable man of genius. I am addressing an audience which knew him. I will speak only for a moment, and it shall be of his teaching and his professional opinions. Both as a teacher and as a critic he was undogmatic, knowing well that for every dogmatist life is waiting somewhere and will catch him in the end. His lectures, and particularly the conversational teaching in which he excelled, were in this respect like his familiar talk: they were experimental, rich in afterthoughts, and full of incidents and of surprises even to himself. It was felt, as the theme warmed, that anything might happen, and the expectancy of his audience was shared by their instructor. He was never harsh, and though he disliked the dogmas of his trade, he did not as a rule attack them. He was content to describe them, and when the description was finished it was usually found that attack would be unnecessary. About the Publisher Forgotten Books publishes hundreds of thousands of rare and classic books. Find more at www.forgottenbooks.com This book is a reproduction of an important historical work. Forgotten Books uses state-of-the-art technology to digitally reconstruct the work, preserving the original format whilst repairing imperfections present in the aged copy. In rare cases, an imperfection in the original, such as a blemish or missing page, may be replicated in our edition. We do, however, repair the vast majority of imperfections successfully; any imperfections that remain are intentionally left to preserve the state of such historical works.

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