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George was the son of James Innes and Catherine (Sutherland) Stewart, was born on April 18, 1860 at London, Ontario, Canada, whither his parents, emigrants from Caithness, Scotland, had gone to engage in the fur trade with the Indians. After a few years, they returned to the towns of Wick and Lybster in Scotland on the North Sea, where his father engaged in the herring industry.
The head-master of the village school became interested in the boy and prepared him for Edinburgh University. He matriculated in 1879, at the age of nineteen, and remained for seven years, receiving successively degrees in arts, M. A. in 1883, with honors in mathematics; in science, B. S. in 1886 and D. Sc. in 1887; in medicine, C. M. and M. B. in 1889, and M. D. in 1891; and finally, LL. D. , honoris causa, in 1920.
During his first year at Edinburgh, he served as assistant in physics to Tait, and it may be presumed that this contact with the brilliant and scholarly physicist fixed his taste for exact and experimental science and thus determined the cast of his life work. In Tait's laboratory he started his first research, and the application of physics to biology dominated his earlier and much of his later investigations.
In the winter of 1886 he went to Berlin to work on electro-physiology, under the renowned Emil Du Bois-Reymond, and from 1887 to 1889 he served an excellent apprenticeship in practical teaching as demonstrator of physiology, including histology and biochemistry, at Manchester, under William Stirling.
He held the George Henry Lewes scholarship in physiology at Cambridge from 1889 to 1893, and was one of the group of brilliant young investigators who worked under the guidance of Sir Michael Foster and laid the foundations and established the traditions that are the glory of British physiology. He worked chiefly on the velocity of blood flow, on temperature regulation, and on the cardiac nerves.
He also took the recently established course in public health, and secured the degree of D. P. H. at Cambridge in 1890. From 1891 to 1894 he served also as external examiner in physiology at the University of Aberdeen, and thus kept in contact with medical teaching.
He came to America in 1893 as an instructor at Harvard under Bowditch, and in 1894 was appointed to the chair of physiology at Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio. To this, his first independent post, he gave nine of his best years. He supplemented his admirable didactic instructions with "practical exercises" by the students, to an extent which had not been deemed feasible before, especially with mammalian experiments, and which had a profound and lasting influence on the teaching of the subject in America.
He incorporated his presentation of physiology in a textbook, A Manual of Physiology (1896), which was widely used and reached an eighth edition in 1918. Stewart continued his investigations, at first chiefly on circulation time, and then on the electric conductivity of the blood and hemolysis, as an approach to the problem of cell permeability. In 1903 he accepted the invitation to become the successor of Jacques Loeb as head of the department of physiology at the University of Chicago.
He welcomed especially the new opportunity of teaching graduate students in physiology. His own investigations in this period were on cerebral anemia, resuscitation, and the respiratory center.
In 1907, friends of Western Reserve University established the H. K. Cushing Laboratory of Experimental Medicine, with the double purpose of promoting the experimental investigation of disease, and of attracting Stewart back to Cleveland. He accepted the invitation and headed this laboratory until his death.
From 1924 to 1927 they investigated the course of the removal of the adrenal glands, and proved that these effects are due entirely to deficiency of the adrenal cortex. They showed that life is prolonged by pregnancy, and in 1927 definitely established the efficiency of extracts of adrenal cortex. The results of these investigations were summarized in 1926 in the eleventh Mellon lecture.
Up to the time of his death, they were engaged in the purification of these extracts, to increase their safety for clinical use. Although he lived in the United States for thirty-seven years Stewart remained a British citizen.
During the later years of his life he was handicapped by the developments of pernicious anemia, to which he finally succumbed at Cleveland.
He died on May 28, 1930.
George Neil Stewart headed the H. K. Cushing Laboratory of Experimental Medicine. He devised and applied a calorimetric method of measuring the blood flow, suitable for clinical use. Besides, he worked intensively on the epinephrine output of the adrenal glands, with the assistance of J. M. Rogoff. Their experiments led to the conclusion that the epinephrine output is not sufficient to perform the functions of a fight-and-fright hormone which had been attributed to it.
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He was a prodigious worker, with a brilliant intellect, keen penetration, sound judgment, and an infinite respect for facts. A rapid thinker, he had the power of vivid and lucid presentation, based upon broad culture and deep learning, a sense of human values and a quick and apt humor.
He had a wife Louise Kate (Powell) Stewart, to whom he had been married on September 20, 1906. They had three sons, a daughter.
