Career
1903 joined Russian Social-Democratic Workers’ Party and sided with Bolsheviks. 1905 agitation work among troops. Editor, newspaper Soldatskaya gazeta.
During 1917 February Revol head, Tashkent Soviet. Sided with Menshevik defensists. 1918 re-joined Bolshevik Party.
1919 member, Revol Military Council, 1st Army on Eastern Front. Later head, Foreign Relations Department, Turkestani Commission. 1920 sent to Khiva as plenipotentiary.
Turkestani Commission. 1921-1923 Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic Department People's Commissar of Nationality Affairs. Helped organize Communist Eastern Workers’ University.
Until 1926 rector of this university. From 1933 first secretary, Central Committee, Communist Party Tadzhikistan 1934-1941 Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic Deputy People's Commissar of Education.
Director. Party Publ House. Member, Union of the Soviet Socialist Republics Central Executive Committee.