Education
Moscow State University.
Moscow State University.
Born to middle class parents in Daghestan, he became politically involved when he was a student at Moscow University, from which he was excluded. He joined Georgi Plekhanov’s Yedinstvo group, and following 1905 he was part of the tendency. He subsequently became active with Vpered, on whose editorial board he served.
However, he was critical of Alexander Bogdanov"s concept of proletarian culture.
