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Henry Larcom Abbot was born on August 13, 1831 at Beverly, Massachussets, United States; the son of Joseph Hale and Fanny Ellingwood (Larcom) Abbot, and brother of Francis Ellingwood Abbot. He was a descendant of George Abbot, who emigrated from England in 1640 and of Mordecai Larcom, who came from France twelve years later. Two of his great-grandfathers served in the Revolutionary War: Maj. Abiel Abbot and Lieut. Joseph Hale.
Abbot attended the Boston Latin School and then West Point Military Academy, where he was graduated in 1854.
For two years after his graduation from West Point Abbot was assistant on the survey for a Pacific railroad, in command of the party which surveyed the route through California and Oregon which was later adopted.
In 1857, then a lieutenant, he was appointed to the task of assisting Captain A. A. Humphreys of the Corps of Engineers in an investigation of the questions of flood protection and channel improvements along the lower Mississippi.
During the Civil War Abbot served in the Eastern armies first as an engineer and later in command of the 1st Connecticut Heavy Artillery. He was wounded at the first battle of Bull Run, where he was serving on Gen. McDowell's staff.
He acted as chief topographical engineer for General Banks's New Orleans expedition.
In the campaigns of 1864-1865 he commanded the siege artillery brigade of both United States armies at Petersburg and Richmond.
In September 1865 he was mustered out of the volunteer service and resumed his regular rank of major of the Corps of Engineers, United States.
Following the war, Abbot was placed in command of the Engineer Battalion at Willett's Point, New York, where, with the encouragement of Gen. Humphreys, he developed the Engineer School of Application, making of it not only a post-graduate school, but a center of research in the problems of military engineering. At Willett's Point, during a period of some twelve years, he carried on the experiments in high explosives. His voluminous Report was published in 1881 as No. 23 of the Professional Papers of the Corps of Engineers.
He served on many engineering boards including the Board of Ordnance and Fortification. Three times he was sent to Europe as a member of special commissions: in 1870 to the Island of Sicily to observe the solar eclipse; in 1875 to make contracts for submarine mining cable and examine systems of torpedo defense adopted in Great Britain, Germany, Austria, and France; and again in 1883 as a member of a joint Army and Navy board to report on providing large steel cannon.
After his retirement from active service he became consulting engineer (1895) to the company which built the harbor at Manitowoc, Wisconsin, and established the much-used car ferry connecting that harbor with the Pere Marquette railroads in Michigan. He served as a member of the Comité Technique of the New French Panama Canal Company and later as its consulting engineer, residing in Paris and at the Isthmus part of the time. When in 1904 this property passed into the hands of the United States, he became a member of the American board of consulting engineers appointed by President Roosevelt to determine the plan of the Canal. The majority of the board recommended a sea-level canal, but the minority favored a lockcanal. Abbot's report was influential in the adoption by the Government of the minority's recommendation. He published in engineering journals numerous articles on the Canal question, and in 1905 Problems of the Panama Canal.
He was also a member of the Panama Canal Slide Committee appointed by the National Academy of Sciences in 1915 at the request of the President.
He was chairman of the Jury of Awards at the Atlanta Exposition in 1895.
From May 1905 to July 1910 he was professor of hydraulic engineering on the faculty of graduate studies at George Washington University.
Throughout his career he was a prolific writer; his articles and reports are scattered through the Professional Memoirs of the Corps of Engineers, the Printed Papers of the Essayons Club, the publications of the Engineer School, and periodicals.
Henry Larcom Abbot died on October 1, 1927 at Cambridge, Massachusetts.
Abbot's Report upon the Physics and Hydraulics of the Mississippi River (1861), which advocated the partial control of floods by means of levees and was made jointly with A. A. Humphreys, was received by the engineers of the world as a most valuable contribution to the science of hydraulics, and remains a standard authority on the regimen of the Mississippi River. During the war he received seven brevets, the highest being that of major-general of Volunteers, "for gallant and meritorious conduct during the Rebellion. " He established the Engineer School of Application and his experiments in high explosives at Willett's Point resulted in the system of coast defense by submarine mines adopted for the United States. His promotion as colonel in the Corps of Engineers came in 1886 and after his retirement in August 1895 he was promoted by Act of Congress to brigadier-general, United States. Henry L. Abbot is one of the 158 names of people important to Oregon's history that are painted in the House and Senate chambers of the Oregon State Capitol. Abbot's name is in the Senate chamber.
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Abbot was selected a fellow member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1863.
In April 1858 Abbot married Mary Susan Everett of Cambridge, Massachussets.
