Background
He was born in Caroline County, Virginia, August 25, 1852, a member of one of the most distinguished families in the United States.
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(This is a reproduction of a book published before 1923. T...)
This is a reproduction of a book published before 1923. This book may have occasional imperfections such as missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. that were either part of the original artifact, or were introduced by the scanning process. We believe this work is culturally important, and despite the imperfections, have elected to bring it back into print as part of our continuing commitment to the preservation of printed works worldwide. We appreciate your understanding of the imperfections in the preservation process, and hope you enjoy this valuable book. ++++ The below data was compiled from various identification fields in the bibliographic record of this title. This data is provided as an additional tool in helping to ensure edition identification: ++++ Some Characteristics Of Stegomyia Fasciata Which Affect Its Conveyance Of Yellow Fever reprint Henry Rose Carter Wood, 1904
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He was born in Caroline County, Virginia, August 25, 1852, a member of one of the most distinguished families in the United States.
After a preliminary education obtained at home and in the local schools of his community, young Carter was sent to the University of Virginia, where he pursued a scientific course, with special attention to mathematics. Here he was graduated in 1873 as a civil engineer. An injury, at the time regarded a permanent disability, turned him from an engineering career and toward the study of medicine. After three years of teaching, one as assistant in applied mathematics at the University of Virginia, he entered the University of Maryland and graduated in medicine in 1879.
Carter entered the Marine Hospital Service in May of 1879. Shortly after his assignment to Cairo, Illinois, in the fall of 1879 began his contact with yellow fever, which was to occupy much of his official career. The next few years, however, were devoted to clinical medicine. His assignment to the Gulf Quarantine Station at Ship Island in 1888 brought him into contact with the problems of maritime quarantine and particularly that of yellow fever exclusion. By systematic observation he satisfied himself of the efficiency of sulphur fumigation and provisionally fixed the incubation period of yellow fever at not to exceed six days. From these observations he introduced the principle that detention of ship personnel should be for seven days following fumigation. He found maritime quarantine procedure a haphazard system without central control and subject to no uniform regulations. He was largely instrumental in causing the transfer of quarantine stations from municipal or State control to that of the Government and in causing the formulation of uniform regulations based upon rational grounds. When in 1893, and again in 1897-98, yellow fever gained a foothold in the Southern States, Carter was the Government's representative to cooperate with the State authorities in fighting the disease. From his observations in these epidemics, he definitely fixed the incubation period of yellow fever in man at not more than six days, confirming the provisional conclusion which he had drawn from his quarantine experience. In May 1900 he published A Note on the Interval between Infecting and Secondary Cases of Yellow Fever, calling attention to the "extrinsic incubation" of the disease, which accounted for the discrepancy between the incubation period and the observed time elapsing between original and secondary cases. This discrepancy (ten to seventeen days) was declared necessary for "infection of the environment" or, as was later shown, for the development of the yellow fever virus in the mosquito. The publication of this article was coincident with the order for convening the so-called Army Yellow Fever Commission for research upon the disease in Cuba. In its first report, the Commission credits the observations of Carter, together with those of Carlos Finlay on yellow fever and those of Ross and the Italian workers on malaria, with having materially influenced the decision to undertake investigation of mosquito transmission. Following the proof of this mode of transmission by Reed and his colleagues, Carter took up the presentation of the epidemiology of the disease from the new viewpoint. His papers on yellow fever, though neither numerous nor long, are classical. Following the Spanish-American War, Carter organized the quarantine service for the new government of Cuba. In 1904 he went to Panama, where, after organizing the quarantine service of the Canal Commission, he became director of hospitals, which position he held for four years.
In the field of malariology, he also was a commanding figure. In 1913 he conducted with conspicuous success the first campaign for the control of malaria attempted in the United States, and, from that time until his retirement from active duty in the Public Health Service in 1919, he was constantly engaged in directing studies and supervising control of malaria in the Southern States. The last ten years of his life were closely identified with the yellow fever campaign of the International Health Board. He served on its special councils and in 1920, while observing an epidemic in Peru was asked by the Peruvian Government to act as its sanitary adviser. Because of his three decades of acquaintance with yellow fever and his position as leading authority on the subject, he was asked by the International Health Board to prepare a History of Yellow Fever, which was well on toward completion when he died in Washington of angina pectoris, after a protracted illness.
Dr. Carter instituted the use of flowing steam for disinfection at quarantine stations, also the inspection and disinfection of vessels at ports of departure, which has been designated as "almost the only advance in maritime quarantinie since the days of the Venetians. " He has justly beeni called the Father of modern quarantine. He is also known for his work with the problems of maritime quarantine. In recognition of his distinguished work in sanitation, he was commissioned assistant surgeon-general of the Public Health Service in 1915.
(This is a reproduction of a book published before 1923. T...)
He was a staunch advocate of treating the conditions rather than human beings, saying that he knew what he could do by ditching, with cement, clay, etc. , but the human element was uncertain and hard to control.
He was a member of numerous societies, a frequent conitributor to journals devoted to medicine and hygiene and also wrote chapters for some of the larger systems. He was sent to Central and South America in 1916 as a member of the Rockefeller Commission.
Carter was of medium height with a slight figure. He was of delicate constitution all his life and suffered frequent illnesses. He was, however, not only able to continue his activities, but he spared himself no inconveniences or physical hardship in the pursuit of his work. He was sociable and companionable, with a mind of Celtic complexity in which love of nature and the arts combined with dependability and devotion to duty. His portrait shows a thoroughly human personality, a relatively large head, a full face with a drooping fer cheval mustache.
He was always courteous and congenial, though firm in his scientific opinions. He was singularly modest and absolutely free from mercenary motives. His many friends will regret his passing and scientific men the world over will mourn the loss of a distinguished and successful coworker.
He was married in 1880 at Cairo, Illinois, to Laura Eugenia Hook.
