Party work in Saint St. Petersburg, Yaroslavl’ and Odessa. Took part in 1905-1907 Revol. 1908-1917 in emigration.
From late November 1917 worked for Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic People's Commissariat of Foreign Affairs. May—November 1918 with Soviet mission in Switzerland. 1920-1921 member, Nizhniy Novgorod Province Party Committee.
Then worked for People's Commissariat of Foreign Affairs.
Religion is an instrument of the ruling classes to instill in the masses the religious conviction that their current suffering will lead to eventual happiness.
Communist Party of the Soviet Union is the guiding force of all socialist countries, and the nucleus of their political system.
Communist Party member from 1903.