Graduated from the Institute of Red Professors, 1921.
Joined the Bolshevik Party, 1917. Took part in the Bolshevik take-over in Syzran’. Active participant in the Civil War.
Worked in Agitprop, deputy director of the Institute of Marx and Engels, considered an important specialist in communist ideology in the 1920s. Dared publicly to point out Stalin’s incompetence in Marxist theory.
Expelled from the party, 1932.