Background
Red Jacket was probably born at Canoga in what is now Seneca County, New York. His English name was derived from his wearing a succession of red jackets, the first of which was given him by a British officer.
His Indian name, Sagoyewatha, awarded him on election to chiefship, was an honorable name in his, the Wolf, clan, signifying, in allusion to a wolf's nocturnal howling, "he keeps them awake. "
Career
In active fighting he was accused of being cowardly and was ridiculed by both Brant and Cornplanter; but skill in oratory and political trickery served his ambitions for leadership.
In 1779 during Sullivan's destructive campaign against the Iroquois, he curried favor by attacking the leaders and their unsuccessful policy. At the Indian council at the mouth of the Detroit River in 1786 he echoed popular passions by haranguing against the whites and peace, while other chiefs bowed to what seemed to be inevitable. Successively, in 1787, 1788, and 1790 he played for popularity by opposing land sales, though, fearful for his prestige with the whites, he signed secretly when the agreements were once completed.
He advanced in influence while his powerful rival, Cornplanter, declined. In 1791 he was able to halt Col. Thomas Proctor's mission to the Miami, which Cornplanter favored. Then, with his position as a great chief among the Iroquois assured, he matured more statesmanlike policies. Peace with the United States became his aim and avoidance of the toils of British diplomacy. Vainly, he fought to maintain the independence and authority of his people.
In 1801 he protested at Washington against the Pennsylvania frontiersmen and in 1821, in the case of Tommy Jemmy, valiantly but unsuccessfully strove to preserve the right of separate Iroquois customs and jurisdiction. He vainly sought in the council on the Sandusky River in 1816 to arouse the tribes to united but peaceful resistance to land sales and encroachments.
Translations of his speeches, now extant, exhibit dramatic organization and effective argument, while contemporaries testified to the skill of their presentation.
By 1827 increased dissipation had robbed him of ability and prestige, and his rancorous doctrines had estranged his people. In council assembled they deposed him as chief. Shaking off his habits, he roused himself to a last stand, appealed to Washington, defended himself successfully in a general Iroquois council, and was restored to his chieftainship. Then he fell back into sodden intemperance. Meanwhile, his second wife and his beloved stepchildren had become Christians. He died, childless, in an alien, Christian world and was buried, contrary to his wishes, with Christian funeral in the Christian cemetery of the mission on the reservation.
Politics
He is best known for his opposition to white civilization, although in 1792 while on a mission to President Washington he sanctioned moves toward bringing white culture to the Iroquois. Soon, however, he was depressed by the degeneration and decline of his people and reverted to his basic belief that the two races were fated by the creating god to different customs.
By 1805 he set his face inflexibly against all change in language, creed, or blood. Most of all he eloquently opposed the establishment of missions and the activities of missionaries.
After 1815, when the death of Farmer's brother, the decline of Cornplanter, and the Canadian residence of Brant put Red Jacket at the height of his power, his policy was to drive all white men from the reservations. The appeal of the pagan party under his leadership to Governor Clinton and the New York state legislature obtained the law of 1821 protecting the reservations, and in 1824 he insisted upon its enforcement for the removal of the missionaries. Only gradually, as the growth of the Christian party among the Senecas diminished his influence, were they permitted to return.
Personality
He combined an active intelligence and an extraordinary memory with real talent for oratory.
Connections
He was married twice and had no children.