Background
James was born on September 19, 1888, in Sea Bright, New Jersey.
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James Alexander
mathematician university professor topologist
James Waddell Alexander II was a mathematician and topologist of the pre-World World War II era and part of an influential Princeton topology elite, which included Oswald Veblen, Solomon Lefschetz, and others
Career
Alexander came from an old, distinguished Princeton family. He was the only child of the American portrait painter John White Alexander and Elizabeth Alexander. Alexander"s affluence and upbringing allowed him to interact with high society in America and elsewhere.
He was a pioneer in algebraic topology, setting the foundations for Henri Poincaré"s ideas on homology theory and furthering it by founding cohomology theory, which developed gradually in the decade after he gave a definition of cochain.
He also contributed to the beginnings of knot theory by inventing the Alexander invariant of a knot, which in modern terms is a graded module obtained from the homology of a "cyclic covering" of the knot complement. From this invariant, he defined the first of the polynomial knot invariants.
With Garland Briggs, he also gave a combinatorial description of knot invariance based on certain moves, now (against the history) called the Reidemeister moves. And also a means of computing homological invariants from the knot diagram.
Alexander was also a noted mountaineer, having succeeded in many major ascents, e.g. in the Swiss Alps and Colorado Rockies.
The Alexander"s Chimney, in the Rocky Mountain National Park, is named after him. When in Princeton, he liked to climb the university buildings, and always left his office window on the top floor of Fine Hall open so that he could enter by climbing the building. Towards the end of his life, Alexander became a recluse.
The atmosphere of the McCarthy era pushed him into a greater seclusion.
He was not seen in public after 1954, when he appeared to sign a letter supporting J. Robert Oppenheimer. He died on September 23, 1971.
Achievements
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Foreign this, in 1928 he was awarded the Bôcher Memorial Prize.
Politics
He was known as a socialist and his prominence brought him to the attention of McCarthyists.
Membership
He was one of the first members of the Institute for Advanced Study (1933–1951), and also a professor at Princeton University (1920–1951).
