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(Excerpt from The Higher Education: A Plea for Making It A...)
Excerpt from The Higher Education: A Plea for Making It Accessible to All: An Address Delivered at the Annual Commencement of the University of Michigan, June 26, 1879 The wise men who shaped the organization of this State steadily cherished the idea which was inherited from the fathers, of building a University in which their children, whether pooror rich could obtain the higher culture 'of their mlnds. The plan of a university marked out by the territorial govern ment in 1817 was one which for breadth and completeness of conception we can even now only admire. The language of the Constitution of 1835 shows that its framers had the broadest and most generous views of public provision for the support of libraries, education, including higher education, and especially of the University. We may say, therefore, with strictest truth, that this idea of large and liberal supply of facilities not only for common school training, but also for University education, was inwrought into the very conception of the State of Michigan. It has from the beginning formed a part of the life of the State. It has never been lost, but has grown with the growth of the State, and strengthened with its strength. And it has, I believe, never had so firm a hold upon the State as it has to-day. In the light of accomplished results, when we consider how little the total cost of the University has been to the State, less than half a million of dollars, not more in fact than these build in gs and grounds and museums and libraries are worth; when we remember that it has sent forth graduates, most of them persons of humble means, equipped for duty in all worthy call ings of life; that the names and the works of its professors are known and respected on both sides of the Atlantic; that it is re. Cognized, we may modestly say, as taking rank with the best Universities in. The land, and that it has helped in no small de gree to make the name of Michigan known wherever the culti vation of science and letters is respected, may we not gratefully and truly declare that the fathers, whose legislation made this career of the University possible, had an exalted and statesman like conception of the duty of the State to the higher education. About the Publisher Forgotten Books publishes hundreds of thousands of rare and classic books. Find more at www.forgottenbooks.com This book is a reproduction of an important historical work. Forgotten Books uses state-of-the-art technology to digitally reconstruct the work, preserving the original format whilst repairing imperfections present in the aged copy. In rare cases, an imperfection in the original, such as a blemish or missing page, may be replicated in our edition. We do, however, repair the vast majority of imperfections successfully; any imperfections that remain are intentionally left to preserve the state of such historical works.
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(Excerpt from The European Concert and the Monroe Doctrine...)
Excerpt from The European Concert and the Monroe Doctrine: A Discourse Before the Phi Beta Kappa Society If it infringes on the independence and equality of states, even of the smallest, can its existence and action be justified? I suppose few will go so far as the learned Edinburgh professor, Lorimer, and declare that the equal ity of states and absolute independence 'may be safely said to have been repudiated by history as always by reason. On the contrary most of us will hold that some sufficient reason must be given for disregarding in any degree the old postulate that any state is entitled to have its independence and equality of rights respected by other states, however many or powerful. Is there any good ground for the policy of the European Concert? I think that question should be answered, under certain reservations, in the affirmative. About the Publisher Forgotten Books publishes hundreds of thousands of rare and classic books. Find more at www.forgottenbooks.com This book is a reproduction of an important historical work. Forgotten Books uses state-of-the-art technology to digitally reconstruct the work, preserving the original format whilst repairing imperfections present in the aged copy. In rare cases, an imperfection in the original, such as a blemish or missing page, may be replicated in our edition. We do, however, repair the vast majority of imperfections successfully; any imperfections that remain are intentionally left to preserve the state of such historical works.
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(Excerpt from Why I Am a Spiritualist, and Why I Am Not an...)
Excerpt from Why I Am a Spiritualist, and Why I Am Not an Orthodox Now, in the foregoing, there were several quite good tests, especially from those ladies, they being entire strangers to me, never having seen or heard of them before. Mr. Foster, after they had left, informed me that they belonged South, but came North to spend the summer, and being themselves good mediums, hence being interested in Spiritualism, and knowing of Mr. Foster by reputation as a medium, they had called up on him several times, and this was their last call before leaving for their homes South, which they expected to do next day. About the Publisher Forgotten Books publishes hundreds of thousands of rare and classic books. Find more at www.forgottenbooks.com This book is a reproduction of an important historical work. Forgotten Books uses state-of-the-art technology to digitally reconstruct the work, preserving the original format whilst repairing imperfections present in the aged copy. In rare cases, an imperfection in the original, such as a blemish or missing page, may be replicated in our edition. We do, however, repair the vast majority of imperfections successfully; any imperfections that remain are intentionally left to preserve the state of such historical works.
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(Excerpt from Selected Addresses The publication last yea...)
Excerpt from Selected Addresses The publication last year of my volume of Reminiscences called forth requests to me for the publication of a volume containing some of the numerous Addresses which I had given dur ing my Presidency of the University of Michi gan. In compliance with these requests I have selected the Addresses here published. About the Publisher Forgotten Books publishes hundreds of thousands of rare and classic books. Find more at www.forgottenbooks.com This book is a reproduction of an important historical work. Forgotten Books uses state-of-the-art technology to digitally reconstruct the work, preserving the original format whilst repairing imperfections present in the aged copy. In rare cases, an imperfection in the original, such as a blemish or missing page, may be replicated in our edition. We do, however, repair the vast majority of imperfections successfully; any imperfections that remain are intentionally left to preserve the state of such historical works.
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James Burrill Angell was born on January 7, 1829 in Scituate, Rhode Island, United States. He was the eldest of eight children. His father was Andrew Aldrich Angell, and his mother, Amy, was the daughter of Richard Aldrich.
His ancestor, Thomas Angell, one of the founders of Providence, Rhode Island, came from England in the Lion with Roger Williams in 1631.
His first instruction was at the primitive district school, but a Quaker, Isaac Fiske, established in the neighborhood a private school which the boy attended from the age of eight to twelve.
He then went for one term to Seekonk Academy, near Providence, and from there, for two years, to Smithville Academy in the town of Scituate, five miles from his home. There followed another year spent upon the farm, after which it was decided by his father that the boy should have a college education.
For better preparation in the classics Angell spent the academic year 1844-1845 at the then recently established Brown University Grammar School in Providence. There he came under the influence of Henry S. Frieze, a classical scholar whom he was later to find on his faculty when he became president of the University of Michigan.
In 1845 Angell entered Brown University, from 1827 to 1855 under the presidency of Francis Wayland, who introduced a new educational program of the first importance, which embraced a broadening of the curriculum and an abandonment of the prevailing idea that a college education was for the few preparing for the ministry or the law.
Throughout his four years at Brown, Angell maintained an excellent record in scholarship, graduating as valedictorian.
In his freshman year he organized a debating society which survived for several years. He was a member of the Psi Upsilon fraternity and Phi Beta Kappa. Even more than the instruction he received, which was well above the average of that of the colleges of the time, Angell prized the opportunities offered by the college library. His chief interests lay in mathematics, English literature, and modern languages.
After graduation he spent part of the year 1849-1850 as an assistant in the college library, during which time he was able to gratify his taste for wide reading. A serious affection of the throat induced him in the late autumn of 1850 to join his friend and classmate, Rowland Hazard, in a horseback trip through the Southern states.
For nearly eight months the two young men had unusual opportunities to witness the operation of the slave system. These impressions, as well as those of the South generally, were later of direct value to Angell in his journalistic work. He had planned to enter Andover Theological Seminary in the autumn of 1851, but his throat continuing weak, he was advised against any occupation which involved public speaking.
Aiming to secure work that would keep him out of doors, he entered the employment of a civil engineer in Boston, with whom he remained for about five months, when, again upon the solicitation of Hazard, he sailed for Europe, where he remained for nearly two years, spending most of the time in the study of modern languages and literature, principally at Paris and Munich.
His scheme of studies looked toward the acquisition of a speaking knowledge of French and German and a general insight not only into literature but into history and science, a training cultural rather than professional. In the spring of 1852 Wayland offered Angell his choice of two chairs at Brown, the one of Civil Engineering, the other of Modern Languages. Angell chose the latter, spent the next year in further preparation, and returned to Providence in the autumn of 1853, to enter upon his professorship as the youngest member of the faculty.
Fresh with the inspiration from foreign study, he took up his work with enthusiasm. He developed his advanced courses, planned to return to Europe for further study, and sought an outlet for the beginnings of productive scholarship in a number of contributions upon literary subjects to the North American Review. But in 1855 Wayland resigned, and his successor, Sears, sought to return to the traditional college course. Angell soon found himself limited to elementary instruction. Fortunately the classroom did not absorb all of his time or energy.
In 1857 he revised and edited Chambers's well-known Handbook of French Literature. In 1858 an acquaintance, Henry B. Anthony, editor and principal owner of the Providence Journal, was elected to the United States Senate and asked Angell to contribute leading articles to the Journal during his own absence in Washington. During 1859 Angell wrote the more important editorials, giving particular attention to European and international politics.
In the summer of 1860 he resigned his chair at Brown in order to assume the editorship of the paper, a position which he held until the summer of 1866. The Providence Journal, established before 1800, had long been a daily paper, and under Anthony's direction it had exerted an important influence. Its policy had been strongly Republican and such it continued to be after Angell became editor.
Although the Journal at first accepted the nomination of Lincoln with only mild approval, it soon undertook to arouse popular enthusiasm for the Republican candidate. Threats by southern states to secede were dismissed lightly, with consequent surprise at the secession ordinances which followed Lincoln's election. During the Civil War the Journal consistently supported the Administration, and there seems to have been no disagreement as to policy between Anthony, the owner, at Washington and Angell, the editor, at Providence.
Angell's editorials were easy, clear, and restrained in style, temperate in judgment, and accurate in their statement of facts. Written in haste, they gave the impression of deliberate preparation. Upon international politics and questions involving international law Angell was at his best. These were the subjects in which he had come to have the greatest interest. In this editorial experience he acquired readiness and accuracy in writing and learned to avoid diffuseness.
Even more important for his later work, he came to know men and to mingle with them without aloofness or intellectual pride. The six years thus spent without respite during a period of great stress told seriously upon his health. Having attempted unsuccessfully to purchase the Journal from Anthony, he came to the conclusion that further drafts upon him as an employee would be deadening to his ambitions. Hence he accepted the offer of the presidency of the University of Vermont in August 1866. The University of Vermont had been chartered by the state legislature in 1791, but the state gave it no financial support.
The Civil War had seriously affected the attendance in all departments. In the Literary College, when Angell became president, there were but thirty students. To undertake the administration of such an institution and to make something out of it required a man of abundant faith and courage. Such Angell soon proved himself to be. His first task was that of raising necessary funds.
He visited all parts of Vermont as well as Boston, New York, and Washington, speaking before public meetings and soliciting contributions from groups and individuals. As a result of his canvass nearly $100, 000 was raised, by which a laboratory was equipped, a professorship endowed, the old college building remodeled, and a house built for the president.
Angell's policy, afterward successfully developed at Michigan, was to arouse an interest in the institution among the people of the state, so that they would come to regard the state university as an integral and necessary part of the public educational system. But at the outset he met with exceptionally adverse conditions.
Vermont was relatively poor as a state, and privately endowed New England institutions competed with the University for students, prestige, and financial support. Angell had an uphill task. He was forced to supply deficiencies of equipment by his own personal exertions. "As we had not funds enough to complete our faculty, I set myself to teach the branches not provided for, namely, Rhetoric, History, German, and International Law, " a statement which sufficiently emphasizes both the poverty of the institution and the intellectual resourcefulness of its president.
Angell was offered the presidency of the University of Michigan in the autumn of 1869. He went to Ann Arbor and was inclined to accept the offer. Upon returning to Burlington, however, he found so much insistence upon his remaining that he felt a moral obligation to stay at Vermont some time longer. His declination was not regarded at Ann Arbor as final. The regents apparently did not attempt to find another man, but continued negotiations with Angell for more than a year, until on Febuary 7, 1871, he was formally elected president.
The university to which he came was at this time one of the largest of American educational institutions, having a college, law, and medical departments, and offering instruction in engineering and pharmacy. Its curriculum was liberal, its faculty relatively large and well selected. Coeducation had recently been introduced and a system of accredited high schools established.
The state was committed to a policy of financial support, although the equipment of the university was inadequate and its salary scale greatly below that obtaining in the older institutions of the East. Angell's inaugural address, delivered in June 1871, was an able, brilliant, and, for the time, novel appeal to his audience and to the people of Michigan by which he sought to create an ideal for the state by setting forth an ideal for the University.
In an era of laissez-faire, when the Spencerian conception of state functions was fashionable, he proposed for the state "the higher positive office of promoting by all proper means the intellectual and moral growth of the citizens. " By establishing a university the assumption had been made that it was "just and wise for the State to place the means of obtaining generous culture within the reach of the humblest and poorest child upon its soil. "
This meant that "the University must interpret its vital connection with the State as a call to the largest and best work obtainable with its means. In that call it must find the stimulus to all strenuous endeavor. It may determine the culture, the civilization, nay, it may save the very life of the State and is justly held responsible for the faithful discharge of its sacred duty. " The horizon of the University must not be limited to the boundaries of the state. To perform its work it "must be a part of the great world of scholars. It hospitably flings its gates wide open to all seekers after knowledge, wherever their home. " Otherwise the University could not render its highest service to the state which had created it.
Such was the ideal set forth by Angell, one, it is believed, never before expressed as the aim of a working system of public instruction. He had in mind a university in its widest sense--a college and professional schools, and, in addition, the providing of facilities for advanced study.
With such an ideal before him, Angell entered upon the duties of the presidency, and, thanks to his natural tact, soon entered into friendly relations with the members of his faculty, with many of whom he came to be on terms of intimate friendship. An Eastern man with Eastern training, he was without prepossessions in favor of those institutions with which he had been in contact. He did not handicap himself by making comparisons of the new with the old.
Coeducation was alien to his experience, yet he viewed the experiment with an open mind, justified its logical position in the public school system of the state, and soon became its enthusiastic advocate. He came with no startling program of reformation or of remodeling. He set out to understand every phase of the university's activities; he visited the laboratories and talked with the men about the work in hand, he attended the classrooms to observe methods of instruction.
He never lost sight of the fact that he was himself a teacher. As he said in his inaugural, "when a man stops acquiring knowledge, it is time for him to stop teaching. "
Notwithstanding the great increase in his executive duties due to the growth of the institution, he continued to conduct courses in international law and in the history of treaties. He made it a point to establish personal contacts with the students, acting for many years as the dean of the College of Literature, Science, and the Arts.
As long as practicable he even performed the duties of a registrar, personally attending to the formalities of the registration of freshmen and conducting the university correspondence by letters written by himself. For nearly a decade he knew every student and called him by name. The President's house became the center of a social life important to members of the faculty. In this he was greatly assisted by his wife Sarah.
With the adoption in 1873 of a millage tax for the University, specific appropriations in large amounts for buildings were not usually asked for. As a result, Angell's presidency left no great edifices at Ann Arbor as monuments of his administration. In current matters the administration was frugal, the salary scale remained rather low, and the teaching load large. The net result of his policy during nearly forty years was thus not a striking liberality on the part of the state but a regular support coming to be acquiesced in as a matter of course.
When he retired the millage tax had been increased from one-twentieth to three-eighths of a mill. The returns therefrom increased from $15, 000 to $650, 000. Materially the improvement of the University had fallen relatively behind that of several rival state universities, so that by 1910 its equipment was inadequate and its buildings unprepossessing if not dingy.
So also he was hopelessly in advance of the state on the matter of the importance of graduate study and research. He saw that unless adequate aid were provided for graduate work the state universities would fall seriously behind the endowed universities. But the people of Michigan remained unconvinced. The organization of graduate studies into a separate school was delayed until 1910.
By that time other state universities had begun to devote considerable sums for fellowships and for publications. Michigan reluctantly followed rather than joyously led in this important development. The administration of the University during the years 1871-1909 was not all plain sailing. When Angell came, the legislature had been insisting upon the establishment of a school of homeopathic medicine. Angell did not welcome but neither did he oppose an additional and rival medical faculty. A man of a different type, questioning the possibility of two rival routes for the acquisition of truth, might have resisted this increment of university responsibility.
Meanwhile came occasional but important national diplomatic service. Angell's first diplomatic mission was to China in 1880. The liberal Burlingame Treaty in 1868 had allowed free entry of Chinese nationals into and residence within the United States. Subsequent congressional legislation excluding the Chinese, had been vetoed by President Hayes, who felt, however, that some modification of the treaty was necessary to forestall further congressional action which might amount to a breach of treaty obligations.
Angell had been recommended to the President by Senator Edmunds of Vermont, and was appointed in the spring of 1880 as minister to China and also as one of the commission of three to negotiate a new immigration treaty. He was opposed to complete prohibition of Chinese immigration, but felt that existing abuses might be corrected by wise regulation and restraint. Swift favored total exclusion, while Trescot agreed with Angell. Their instructions allowed for some discretion.
A treaty was signed, November 17, 1880, by which China agreed that the United States might "regulate, limit or suspend, " but not "absolutely prohibit" the entry and residence of Chinese laborers. On the same day a commercial treaty was signed, after a period of negotiation unprecedented for brevity, the most important article of which prohibited the importation, transportation, purchase, or sale of opium in China by American nationals or American ships, thus reverting to the position taken in the Cushing Treaty of 1844.
The negotiations thus concluded, Angell remained in Peking as minister until October 1881, resuming his academic duties in February 1882. Although a Republican, Angell was asked by President Cleveland in October 1887 to serve upon the Anglo-American Northeastern Fisheries Commission, the other American members of which were Secretary of State Bayard and William L. Putnam.
The negotiations, held in Washington, resulted in the treaty of February 15, 1888, rejected by the Senate on party lines on August 21, 1888. Of even date with the treaty was the protocol embracing a modus vivendi for two years, proposed by the British commissioners and agreed to by the United States. This, although never submitted to the Senate, continued, with recurrent renewals, to regulate the activities of the two countries in the fisheries. In his second administration, Cleveland reiterated his confidence in Angell by appointing him to the Canadian-American Deep Waterways Commission with John E. Russell of Massachusetts and Lyman E. Cooley of Illinois. This Commission presented a report in 1897, but no congressional action followed its recommendations.
Angell's last diplomatic experience was as minister to Turkey. He was appointed by McKinley in 1897 and served until August 1898, thus representing the United States during the Spanish-American War. During his eleven months at Constantinople the matters claiming attention, in addition to those constantly under discussion with the Porte, were connected with the relations of belligerent and neutral.
As to the success of his mission opinions differ. Oscar S. Straus, who succeeded Angell, gave a decidedly unfavorable judgment of it, characterized Angell as, with one possible exception, "the best ambassador any Power had during many years sent to the exceptionally difficult post at Constantinople. "
Angell was a regent of the Smithsonian Institution, one of the founders of the American Historical Association, 1884, and its president, 1893-1894. He contributed an essay upon the diplomatic history of the United States to Winsor's Narrative and Critical History of America, vol. VII (1888).
He retired from the presidency of the University of Michigan in 1909 but continued to occupy the president's house upon the campus until his death in 1916.
Angell's numerous achievements are of a great importance. He sought to broaden the college curriculum, to make possible a college education for those who had not had classical preparation, to enlarge the range of elective studies, and to extend the certificating privileges under university inspection to secondary schools in other states (1884). He established the first permanent system of admission requirements for medical schools (1874), the first professorship in the science and art of teaching (1879), the first instruction in the science of forestry (1882). He recommended (1877) comprehensive examinations at the end of the senior year as a part of the requirements for the bachelor's degree. He advocated (1882) a separation in methods of instruction between the sophomore and junior years, giving to the first two years the character of what has come to be known as the junior college and to the last two that of advanced university work. In addition to his work at the University of Michigan, his achievements in active diplomacy and his scholarship in international law made him one of the most prominent and highly respected educators of his time. Besides contributions to periodicals, he wrote Progress in International Law (1875), Reminiscences (1912), and Selected Addresses (1912). Numerous institutions were named after him. He was elected a member of the American Antiquarian Society in 1890.
(Excerpt from The European Concert and the Monroe Doctrine...)
(Excerpt from The Higher Education: A Plea for Making It A...)
(Excerpt from Selected Addresses The publication last yea...)
(Excerpt from Why I Am a Spiritualist, and Why I Am Not an...)
(This book was originally published prior to 1923, and rep...)
( This work has been selected by scholars as being cultur...)
(This work has been selected by scholars as being cultural...)
Angell called himself a Spiritualist and explained his religious beliefs in his work "Why I Am a Spiritualist, and Why I Am Not an Orthodox. "
Angell remained a Republican during his life.
He never sought to impose a policy upon his faculty, or to make some new departure upon a mere majority vote. In one of his earliest annual reports he stated that radical changes should not be undertaken except with the substantial unanimity of the faculty.
He was willing to experiment, but he was far from having the illusion that with the keys of the University had been acquired educational omniscience.
Quotations:
"Either the State or the University will be unworthy of the vantage ground which has been gained here with so much money and toil, if this is not the first of the Western schools to satisfy the demands for the highest order of university work. Till that end is reached, our opportunities are not seized. Nothing less than that must content us. "
"When a man stops acquiring knowledge, it is time for him to stop teaching. "
Member of the American Antiquarian Society (1890), the Psi Upsilon fraternity, the Phi Beta Kappa
He was genial and sociable, approachable at all times and fond of social intercourse.
He was willing to experiment, but he was far from having the illusion that with the keys of the University had been acquired educational omniscience.
The personal devotion which he inspired was due to an active eager spirit intent upon accomplishment through ways of kindliness and moderation. Of all the great American college presidents, he was probably the most modest.
His serious affection of the throat made his voice soft and conversational, making its impression by clearness and distinctness of enunciation rather than by force and volume.
Angell was about five feet eight in height, slender in early life, increasing in weight in later years. His hair was brown, his eyes strikingly blue and apt to twinkle with merriment.
From at least the period of the Civil War he carried a beard with upper lip and chin shaven in the style adopted by Horace Greeley. His cheeks were unlined, his speech was soft, his manners gentle. Yet his whole figure radiated vitality. Even as an old man, he bore himself erect, walking with an easy stride good to look upon.
He married Sarah Swope Caswell, the daughter of Alexis Caswell, professor at Brown and its sixth president, in 1855. They had three children; their two sons, Alexis and James, also became prominent figures in history.
He was a psychologist at the University of Chicago and president of Yale University.
He was a professor and U.S. District Judge.
