Background
James Chadwick was born on October 20, 1891, in Bollington, Cheshire, United Kingdom. He was the son of John Joseph, owner of a laundry, and Ann Mary (Knowles) Chadwick.
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(Excerpt from Radioactivity and Radioactive Substances: An...)
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James Chadwick was born on October 20, 1891, in Bollington, Cheshire, United Kingdom. He was the son of John Joseph, owner of a laundry, and Ann Mary (Knowles) Chadwick.
Chadwick was educated at the University of Manchester and was graduated with honors in 1911 and get Master of Science degree in 1913. Also he finished the Cambridge University with Doctor of Philosophy degree in 1921.
In 1913 James was awarded the 1851 Exhibition Scholarship, which he used to finance his studies under Geiger in the foremost German research institute, the Physikalisch-Technische Reichsanstalt in Charlottenburg near Berlin. An early result of his work there was the establishment of the first energy spectrum of beta particles. Years later, subsequent developments along these lines prompted Wolfgang Pauli to postulate the existence of the neutrino.
After spending the years of World War I in a civilian internment camp in Ruhleben, Chadwick returned to England and used his fellowship at Gonville and Caius College to work with Rutherford at Cambridge University's Cavendish Laboratory. In 1920 he became the first to use a direct method in determining the electric charge on the nucleus. In 1922, he became assistant director of research under Rutherford. Together they spent much of their time experimenting with the transmutation of elements, attempting to break up the nucleus of one element so that different elements could be formed.
Throughout the years of work, Chadwick and Rutherford struggled with an inconsistency. They saw that almost every element had an atomic number that was less than its atomic mass. Rutherford suggested this might be due to the existence of a particle with the mass of a proton but with a neutral charge. However, their attempts to find such a particle were in vain. But in 1932 Chadwick found the answer in the work of the Joliot-Curies, who observed that beryllium had become radioactive after being exposed to alpha particles. Chadwick showed, by using a cloud chamber filled with nitrogen, that the radiation caused the nitrogen atoms to recoil with such energy as could be imparted only by collisions with uncharged particles having approximately the mass of protons.
From 1935 until 1948 Chadwick held the Lyon Jones chair of physics at the University of Liverpool. From 1943-1946, he also served as head of the British mission to the Manhattan Project and was present at the first atomic test in the New Mexico desert. In 1948 was elected master of Gonville and Caius College, a post from which he retired in 1959. Three years later he retired also from the United Kingdom Atomic Energy Authority, on which he had served as part-time member from 1957.
(Excerpt from Radioactivity and Radioactive Substances: An...)
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Chadwick was a fellow of the Royal Society. He had a honorary in American Physical Society. He was a member of Royal Academy Brussels, Royal Danish Academy Science, Royal Academy Science Amsterdam, Sachsische Akademie der Wissenchaften and Academy Science Leipzig.
Chadwick married Aileen Stewart-Brown in 1925. They had two daughters (twins).