A Short Course In Qualitative Analysis, With The New Notation
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A Short Course In Qualitative Analysis, With The New Notation
James Mason Crafts
J. Wiley, 1869
Chemistry, Analytic
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James Mason Crafts was an American chemist, teacher, and administrator. He served as the 4th President of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology from 1897 to 1900.
Background
James Mason Crafts was born on March 08, 1839 in Boston, Massachusetts, United States. He was the son of Royal Altemont and Marian (Mason) Crafts, and grandson of Jeremiah Mason, noted lawyer and statesman of Portsmouth, New Hampshire, and Boston. His father was a merchant and manufacturer of woolens in Boston.
Education
James attended the Sullivan School, and the Boston Latin School, and studied under the tutorship of Dr. Samuel Eliot. The young boy was of generally serious mien, but vigorous and at times full of fun. He attracted attention among his mates by his mechanical ingenuity and dexterity and his fondness for scientific subjects, a fondness which was fostered by attendance at the Lowell Institute Lectures in Boston, and the personal interest of Professor William Barton Rogers soon to be founder of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
Crafts was graduated from the Lawrence Scientific School of Harvard in 1858, with chemistry as his major subject, having worked mainly under Professor Horsford. He remained at Harvard for nearly a year after graduation as a student of engineering, and in 1860 went to Europe.
He first studied at the Bergakademie at Freiberg but soon transferred to Heidelberg, where for a year be worked with Bunsen, acting as assistant just at the time when spectrum analysis was a newly discovered tool in the search for and identification of the rare metals. He then went to Paris to take up work under Wurtz, the noted French organic chemist. At this time be published several papers in conjunction with Charles Friedel and a firm friendship was established between them, with important later results. Crafts continued his study at the École de Médecin for four years. In 1898 Harvard University conferred on him the honorary degree of Doctor of Laws.
Career
In 1865 Crafts became an inspector of mines in Mexico at a time when this occupation called for courage and alert resourcefulness as well as expert know’ledge. Not long after the opening of Cornell University, Crafts began his teaching career (1868) as professor of chemistry in charge of the department, a position which he held until 1871. From Cornell Crafts returned to Boston where he succeeded Professor Francis H. Storer at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, an institution also in its early youth. He threw himself into his new duties with characteristic energy, being “particularly interested in the establishment of advanced courses of study and research in chemistry, physics, and other branches which should lead to a higher degree”.
In 1874 impaired health made it necessary for him to abandon teaching for a time, and the research resources open to him in Paris led him again to transfer his residence to the latter city, though he retained a non-resident professorship at the Massachusetts Institute until 1880. He remained in France until 1891, spending his time mostly upon research at the École des Mines, again in conjunction with Friedel.
Many papers, published in the Comptes Rendus and the Bulletin of the Chemical Society of Paris followed. Among these one, published with Friedel, relating to the use of aluminum chloride in organic syntheses (1877), gave permanent distinction to its authors because of the far-reaching applicability of the reaction which they discovered, known to chemists as the “Friedel-Crafts reaction. ” Other valuable contributions relating to thermometry and to the determination of vapor densities belong to the same time. In all, Crafts was author, or joint author (almost wholly with Friedel), of more than one hundred and thirty- five scientific papers.
After his return to America in 1891 he was elected a member of the corporation of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and became professor of organic chemistry in 1892. Upon the death of President Francis A. Walker in 1897, Crafts became chairman of the faculty, and subsequently was president for two years. During his presidency the question of the merging of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology with the Lawrence Scientific School of Harvard was the subject of serious, and sometimes acrimonious, discussion. Crafts favored the merger, believing that the two institutions should unite energies and resources to a common end while retaining their independence, but this view was ardently opposed by many of the alumni of the Institute and various difficulties arose which finally led to its abandonment.
Crafts soon after (1900) resigned the presidency, the duties of which were never fully congenial to him, and returned to teaching and research, retaining a laboratory at the Institute until his death. His researches at that period concerned themselves chiefly with a study of catalysis and accurate thermometry with reference to the exact determination of boiling points to serve as standards. After several years spent in the design and perfection of elaborate apparatus for this purpose, he began experimentation in 1904. In the summer of 1911 he suffered a severe attack of neuritis from which he never fully recovered. While he was thereafter debarred from continuously active laboratory work, he devoted himself to the preparation for publication of the collection of exact data resulting from years of activity. During this period, “he divided his time between his Boston residence on Commonwealth Ave. .. . and his beautiful country place at Ridgefield, Connecticut, where he had a small laboratory wellfitted for his work, and where he enjoyed quiet and seclusion always more suited to his taste than the publicity and whirl of city life”.
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This is a reproduction of a book published before 1923....)
Membership
Crafts was elected a member of the National Academy of Sciences in 1892, a corresponding member of the British Association for the Advancement of Science, and a foreign member of the Royal Institution of Great Britain (1904).
Personality
Crafts was handsome and imposing in appearance, a man of marked culture and refinement, quiet but kindly in manner, yet somewhat difficult on first approach. He was an active worker. As an administrator he was just in his decisions and fertile in suggestion.
Connections
In 1868, Crafts married Clémence Haggerty of New York.